Interrail & Eurail train reservations

On this page I explain...

which trains & operators are covered by Interrail/Eurail;

which trains require a reservation and which don't;

how much reservations cost for specific trains;

how to make reservations online for specific trains.

Select the country where a train starts. Prices per person per journey. Children (even with a free pass) pay the same reservation fee as an adult. Reservation costs are the same for both Eurail & Interrail. You can check prices at www.eurail.com or www.interrail.eu. And remember, making reservations is an entirely separate process from the pass itself. Last updated July 2023.

Don't expect train ticket websites to sell passholder reservations - most don't. However, you can make passholder reservations online for some trains if you know which website to use. Many reservations can be made using the official Interrail & Eurail reservations service. Look up each specific journey below and I will tell you if you can reserve online, and which website to use.

Select the country where the train starts

Austria

What's covered?

Interrail & Eurail passes give unlimited travel on Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB), www.oebb.at.

That includes all local & mainline trains run by ÖBB and (if you've a global pass) international trains to or from neighbouring countries run jointly by ÖBB & the national railways in those countries.
Passes also give unlimited travel in standard (2nd) class on competing Westbahn trains between Vienna, Linz, Salzburg & Munich.
Passes give unlimited travel on privately-run Regiojet trains between Vienna & Prague, Vienna & Budapest, seat reservation required.
Passes give unlimited travel on Micotra trains between Villach & Tarvisio in Italy.
Passes give unlimited travel on Raaberbahn trains between Vienna/Graz & parts of Hungary.

Help with train times

For train times within Austria see www.oebb.at

See international train times & routes from Vienna

See international train times & routes from Salzburg

See international train times & routes from Innsbruck

Using a pass within Austria

ÖBB (Austrian Railways) trains

Using a railpass in Austria is easy, as reservation is optional not mandatory on almost all Austrian Railways (ÖBB) domestic daytime trains, and there are no supplements to pay, even on railjet trains. So you can simply hop on any train, find an empty seat and show your pass when asked.

You can make a seat-only booking online for around €3 per seat at the ÖBB website using Method 2, see the instructions here.
Westbahn trains

As well as ÖBB, you can also use competing Westbahn trains between Vienna, Linz & Salzburg. These give free travel in standard (2nd) class for holders of all classes of pass, reservation optional. If you have a 1st class pass, you can use Standard class for free or pay for an upgrade to Westbahn's Comfort class or First class.

You can reserve a seat for around €3 or pay for an upgrade to Comfort or First class with reservation included at www.westbahn.at. Change DE to EN top right for English, then click Reservations.

Nightjet sleeper train from Vienna to Bregenz (per person per bed):
Seat €6, couchette in 6-bunk compartment €26, couchette in 4-bunk compartment €36, bed in 3-bed sleeper €46, bed in 2-bed sleeper €66, bed in 2-bed with shower/toilet €86, single sleeper €116, single sleeper with shower/toilet €136.
Passholder reservations for nightjet sleeper trains can be made online at the ÖBB website using Method 1, see the instructions below.

Austria ► Belgium

Vienna to Brussels by Nightjet sleeper train:
Seat €13.70, couchette in 6-berth €33.20, couchette in 4-berth €43, bed in 3-berth sleeper €72.30, bed in 2-berth sleeper €91.90, bed in single-berth sleeper €140.80, berth in 3-berth deluxe sleeper €91.90, berth in 2-berth deluxe sleeper €111.40, berth in single-berth deluxe sleeper €160.30. Only a 2nd class ticket or pass is now needed for all Nightjet accommodation types, as from 2017.
Passholder reservations for nightjet sleeper trains can be made online at the ÖBB website using Method 1, see the instructions below.

Austria ► France

Vienna or Salzburg to Paris by Nightjet sleeper train:
Seat €14, couchette in 6-berth €34, couchette in 4-berth €44, bed in 3-berth sleeper €74, bed in 2-berth sleeper €94, bed in single-berth sleeper €144, berth in 2-berth deluxe sleeper €114, berth in single-berth deluxe sleeper €154. Only a 2nd class ticket or pass is now needed for all Nightjet accommodation types, as from 2017.
Passholder reservations for nightjet sleeper trains can be made online at the ÖBB website using Method 1, see the instructions below.

Austria ► Germany

Austria to Germany by Intercity, EuroCity, ICE or railjet train:
Seat reservation is optional on IC, EC, ICE, RJ & RJX trains to Germany, you can hop on any train and show your pass. However, reserving a seat is a good idea in summer and at other busy times.
You can make a seat reservation for around €3-€5 at either the German Railways website (see the instructions here) or the Austrian Railways website (use Method 2, see the instructions here). Reserving a seat is a good idea, especially in summer and other busy periods.

Salzburg to Munich by BRB regional train:
Seat reservation is neither necessary nor possible on these regional trains, just hop on and sit anywhere you like.

Vienna & Salzburg to Munich by Westbahn train:
Interrail & Eurail passes give unlimited travel in Standard (2nd) class on Westbahn, seat reservation optional. If you have a 1st class pass, you can either sit in a Standard class seat for free or pay for an upgrade to sit in a Westbahn Comfort class or First class seat.
You can reserve a Standard class seat for around €3 or pay for an upgrade to Comfort or First class with reservation included at www.westbahn.at. Change DE to EN top right for English, then click Reservations.

Austria to Germany by Nightjet sleeper train:
Vienna or Innsbruck to Cologne, Dusseldorf, Hamburg by Nightjet: Seat €13.70, couchette in 6-berth €33.20, couchette in 4-berth €43, bed in 3-berth sleeper €72.30, bed in 2-berth sleeper €91.90, bed in single-berth sleeper €140.70, berth in 3-berth deluxe sleeper €91.90, berth in 2-berth deluxe sleeper €111.40, berth in single-berth deluxe sleeper €160.30. Only a 2nd class ticket or pass is needed for all Nightjet accommodation types, as from 2017.

Vienna to Berlin by Nightjet: Seat €13.60, couchette in 6-berth €33, couchette in 4-berth €42.80, bed in 3-berth sleeper €52.50, bed in 2-berth sleeper €71.90, bed in single-berth sleeper €120.50,berth in 3-berth deluxe sleeper €71.90, berth in 2-berth deluxe sleeper €91.30, berth in single-berth deluxe sleeper €139.90. Only a 2nd class ticket or pass is needed for all Nightjet accommodation types.
Passholder reservations can be made online at the ÖBB website using Method 1, see the instructions below.

Austria ► Netherlands

Vienna to Amsterdam by Nightjet sleeper train:
Seat €13.70, couchette in 6-berth €33.20, couchette in 4-berth €43, bed in 3-berth sleeper €72.30, bed in 2-berth sleeper €91.90, bed in single-berth sleeper €140.80, berth in 3-berth deluxe sleeper €91.90, berth in 2-berth deluxe sleeper €111.40, berth in single-berth deluxe sleeper €160.30. Only a 2nd class ticket or pass is now needed for all Nightjet accommodation types, as from 2017.
Passholder reservations can be made online at the ÖBB website using Method 1, see the instructions below.

Austria ► Switzerland

Vienna, Salzburg, Graz or Innsbruck to Zurich by railjet or EuroCity train:
Seat reservation is optional on daytime trains between Austria & Switzerland, you can hop on any train, sit in any empty unreserved seat and show your pass when asked. However, reserving a seat is a good idea for a long journey, especially in summer or at other busy times. This is a lovely ride through the scenic Arlberg Pass, see the railjet & scenery photos, tips & information on the Arlberg Railway page.
If you want to reserve a seat, you can make a reservation for around €3 at the Austrian Railways website using Method 2, see the instructions here.
Vienna to Zurich by Nightjet sleeper train:
Seat €12,90, couchette in 6-berth €31.30, couchette in 4-berth €40.60, bed in 3-berth sleeper €??, bed in 2-berth sleeper €68.20, bed in single-berth sleeper €114.30, berth in 2-berth deluxe sleeper €86.60, berth in single-berth deluxe sleeper €132.70. Only a 2nd class ticket or pass is needed for all Nightjet accommodation types, as of 2017.
Passholder reservations can be made online at the ÖBB website using Method 1, see the instructions below.

Austria ► Italy

By EuroCity train from Innsbruck to Verona, Bologna or Venice:
There is a passholder surcharge for travel on these Brenner Pass EuroCity trains, €10 in 2nd class or €15 in 1st class, a reserved seat is optional for an extra €3 per seat.

You can board the train without a reservation, sit in any empty unreserved seat and pay the surcharge on board when the conductor comes round, or you can make a seat reservation & pay the surcharge at the Austrian Railways website using Method 1, see the instructions below.
By railjet train from Vienna or Villach to Venice:
There is a passholder surcharge for travel on these Vienna-Venice railjet trains, €10 in 2nd class or €15 in 1st class, a reserved seat is optional for an extra €3 per seat.
You can board the train without a reservation, sit in any empty unreserved seat and pay the surcharge on board when the conductor comes round, or you can make a seat reservation & pay the surcharge at the Austrian Railways website using Method 1, see the instructions below.
By daytime EuroCity train from Vienna to Trieste:
There is a passholder surcharge for travel on the extension into Italy, €2.60.
You can board the train without a reservation, sit in any empty unreserved seat and pay the surcharge on board when the conductor comes round, or you can make a seat reservation & pay the surcharge at the Austrian Railways website using Method 1, see the instructions below.
By Nightjet sleeper train from Vienna or Salzburg to Venice, Milan, Florence or Rome:
Seat €13.50, couchette in 6-berth €32.80, couchette in 4-berth €42.40, bed in 3-berth sleeper €52, bed in 2-berth sleeper €71.30, bed in single-berth sleeper €119.50, berth in 3-berth deluxe sleeper €71.30, berth in 2-berth deluxe sleeper €90.60, berth in single-berth deluxe sleeper €138.80. Only a 2nd class ticket or pass is needed for all Nightjet accommodation types, as from 2017.

Passholder reservations for nightjet sleeper trains can be made online at the ÖBB website using Method 1, see the instructions below.

Austria ► Hungary

Vienna, Salzburg, Innsbruck to Budapest by railjet (RJ or RJX), EuroCity (EC) or other express train (D):
Reservation is optional, you can hop on any train and show your pass, nothing more to pay unless you want a reserved seat. However, reserving a seat is a good idea at busy times such as Friday or Sunday afternoons.
You can reserve a seat for around €3 at the Austrian Railways website using Method 2, see the instructions here.
Vienna to Budapest by private operator Regiojet, a few trains per day, www.regiojet.com):
Seat reservation required, €1.3 in Low Cost, €2 in Standard, €2.8 in Relax or (only if you have a 1st class pass) €1.3 in Business.
Regiojet passholder reservations can be made online at www.regiojet.com: Use the journey planner as if buying a normal ticket. When prices appear, look for the Only seat reservations toggle and use it. Select the train you want, then under Type of ticket purchased select Interrail & Eurail. You print out your reservation or can show it in the Regiojet app.
Alternatively, approach staff on the train before departure or go to the Regiojet/Student Agency sales point at Vienna Hbf. More information about Vienna to Budapest trains.

Austria ► Czech Republic

Vienna to Prague by ÖBB railjet train:
Reservation is optional, you can hop on any train and show your pass, nothing more to pay unless you want a reserved seat. However, reserving a seat is a good idea in summer and at busy times such as Friday or Sunday afternoons.
You can reserve a seat for around €3 at the Austrian Railways website using Method 2, see the instructions here.
Vienna to Prague by Regiojet train:
Seat reservation required, €1.3 in Low Cost, €2 in Standard, €2.8 in Relax or (only if you have a 1st class pass) €1.3 in Business.

Regiojet passholder reservations can be made online at www.regiojet.com: Use the journey planner as if buying a normal ticket. When prices appear, look for the Only seat reservations toggle and use it. Select the train you want, then under Type of ticket purchased select Interrail & Eurail. You print out your reservation or can show it in the Regiojet app.

Alternatively, you can approach staff on the train before departure or go to the Regiojet/Student Agency sales point at Vienna Hbf. More information about Vienna to Prague Regiojet trains.
Vienna to Cesky Krumlov via Ceske Velenice:
This is all on regional trains, so no reservation necessary or possible, just hop on and show your pass. However, Interrail & Eurail passes don't cover the GWTR local trains between Ceske Budejovice and Cesky Krumlov, this only costs €1.80 or so, you can pay on board the GWTR train using the ticket machines which take cash & contactless cards. How to plan this journey.

Austria ► Slovakia

Vienna to Bratislava by hourly regional express train:
Hop on and sit in any empty seat, show your pass when asked. No reservation necessary or even possible.

Vienna to Bratislava by once per day railjet:
Reservation is optional, you can hop on the train and show your pass with nothing more to pay unless you want a reserved seat. Reserving a seat is a good idea at busy times such as Friday or Sunday afternoons.
You can reserve a seat for around €3 at the Austrian Railways website using Method 2, see the instructions here.
Vienna to Kosice & Slovakia by InterCity (IC):
Reservation is required, this varies from €3-€12 in 2nd class or €13-€22 in 1st class depending on distance.
You can reserve a seat at the Austrian Railways website using Method 2, see the instructions here.

Austria ► Poland

Vienna to Krakow or Warsaw by EuroCity train:
Reservation is compulsory, seat reservation fee €3 in either class.
This is just a normal seat reservation like any other passenger with a pre-existing ticket would make, you can make a reservation online at the ÖBB website for €3 using Method 2, see the instructions here.
Vienna to Krakow or Warsaw by EuroNight sleeper train:
€29 for a couchette in 6-berth, €39 for a couchette in 4-berth, €44 for a bed in a 3-bed sleeper, €59 for a bed in a 2-bed sleeper, €119 for a bed in a single-bed sleeper, €79 for a bed in a 2-bed sleeper with shower & toilet, €139 for a bed in a single-bed sleeper with shower & toilet (all can be booked with a 2nd class pass).

Passholder reservations for this train can be made online at the Austrian Railways website using Method 1, see the instructions below, but only for this eastbound direction as a hard-copy reservation ticket must be collected in Austria.

Austria ► Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia

Vienna to Ljubljana or Zagreb by EuroCity train:
Reservation is optional, you can hop on any train and show your pass, nothing more to pay unless you want a reserved seat. You can make a normal seat reservation for around €3 at the Austrian Railways website using Method 2, see the instructions here.

Austria ► Romania

Vienna to Sighisoara, Brasov or Bucharest by Dacia Express sleeper:
Couchette in 6-berth €13.40, couchette in 4-berth €20, bed in 3-berth sleeper €28, bed in 2-berth sleeper €42. Bed in single-berth sleeper (requires 1st class pass) €98.

Passholder reservations for this train can be made online at the ÖBB website using Method 1, see the instructions below.

Belgium

What's covered?

Interrail & Eurail passes give unlimited travel on Belgian National Railways (SNCB), www.belgiantrain.be.

That includes all domestic local & mainline trains run by SNCB and (if you've a global pass) international trains to or from neighbouring countries run by SNCB & the partner railways in those countries.

Help with train times

For train times within Belgium see www.belgiantrain.be
See international train times & routes from Brussels
See international train times & routes from Bruges

Using a pass within Belgium

Using a railpass in Belgium is easy, as reservation is not necessary or even possible on Belgian domestic trains. You can simply hop on any train, find an empty seat and show your pass when asked.
There are two exceptions:

The Brussels airport trains require a €5.20 supplement, paid at the station or on board the train.

High-speed Thalys trains are reservation compulsory and carry a hefty €15+ passholder reservation fee, so avoid using them for domestic Belgian journeys such as Brussels-Antwerp or Brussels-Liege, use the alternative Belgian InterCity trains for free instead.

Belgium ► Great Britain

Brussels to London by Eurostar:

Eurail & Interrail passes cover Eurostar from Brussels to London on payment of a special passholder fare of €30 in standard class or (if you have a 1st class pass) €38 in standard premier.

You can make Eurostar passholder reservations online as explained here.

Belgium ► France

Brussels to Paris by high-speed Thalys train:
A passholder reservation fee applies, €25 in either class. Passholder places are limited by quota which can sell out even if the train isn't full - so book sooner rather than later!

You can make Thalys passholder reservations at b-europe.com as explained here or using the official Eurail/Interrail reservations service.

Tip: There's an alternative to Thalys to save money or if all Thalys tickets have sold out: You can travel from Brussels to Paris using regional trains Brussels-Charleroi-Maubeuge-Paris as shown here as Brussels-Paris option 2. It takes around 4h30, there's only 1-3 departures per day with 2 changes of train, but no reservations are necessary, no extra to pay, just board the trains and show your pass.
Brussels to Lyon, Avignon, Marseille etc., by direct TGV by-passing Paris:
A passholder reservation fee applies, €20 in 2nd class, €30 in 1st class.

Passholder tickets be booked online using the Eurail/Interrail reservations service.
Brussels to Lille by regional train:
No reservation is necessary or even possible for cross-border regional trains from Belgium to France.

Belgium ► Netherlands

Brussels to Rotterdam & Amsterdam by high-speed Thalys train:

A passholder reservation fee applies, €15 in 2nd class, €25 in 1st class. Passholder places on Thalys are limited by a quota which can sell out even if the train isn't full - so book sooner rather than later!

You can make Thalys passholder reservations online at b-europe.com as explained here or using the Eurail/Interrail reservations service.
Brussels to Rotterdam & Amsterdam by hourly InterCity (IC) train:

There's no fee if you use the regular hourly InterCity trains, although these take just over 3 hours rather than 2 hours. These have no reservations, you can just hop on, sit in any empty seat and show your pass when asked. You can check times at www.b-europe.com (Tip: Select Direct trains only and look for trains marked IC).

Incidentally, there is definitely no need to pay the Dutch €2.70 high-speed IC Direct supplement when making an international journey from Belgium to Amsterdam on these trains, whatever the Railplanner app may say, the supplement only applies when making a Dutch domestic journey such as Rotterdam to Amsterdam.

Belgium ► Germany

Brussels to Cologne & Frankfurt by ICE high-speed train:
Reservation is optional, you can just hop on, sit in any empty unreserved seat and show your pass when asked. However, a seat reservation is a good idea as these trains are often busy, you can make a normal seat reservation for around €5 at the German Railways website, see the instructions here.
Brussels to Cologne & Dusseldorf by Thalys high-speed train:
A passholder reservation fee applies, €25 in either class. Passholder places are limited by quota which can sell out even if the train isn't full - so book early. Although the obvious solution is to save your money by taking an ICE instead!

You can make Thalys passholder reservations at b-europe.com as explained here or using the official Eurail/Interrail reservations service.
Brussels or Antwerp to Berlin by European Sleeper overnight train:
Covered by Interrail or Eurail as from 1 July 2023. The cost is €14 for a seat, €44 for a couchette in 6-berth, €64 for a couchette in 4-berth, €89 for a bed in a 3-bed sleeper, €129 for a bed in a 2-bed sleeper or €159 for a bed in a single sleeper. These prices apply whether your pass is 1st or 2nd class, it doesn't matter.
You can buy passholder reservations online at www.europeansleeper.eu, select 'Interrail / Eurail' instead of 'adult' when booking.

Belgium ► Austria

Brussels to Vienna by Nightjet sleeper train:
Seat €13.70, couchette in 6-berth €33.20, couchette in 4-berth €43, bed in 3-berth sleeper €72.30, bed in 2-berth sleeper €91.90, bed in single-berth sleeper €140.80, berth in 3-berth deluxe sleeper €91.90, berth in 2-berth deluxe sleeper €111.40, berth in single-berth deluxe sleeper €160.30. Only a 2nd class ticket or pass is now needed for all Nightjet accommodation types, as from 2017.
Passholder reservations for nightjet sleeper trains can be made online at the ÖBB website using Method 1, see the instructions below.

Belgium ► Luxembourg

Brussels to Luxembourg by InterCity trains:
Seat reservation neither necessary nor possible, you can hop on any train and sit in any empty seat.

Bosnia

What's covered?

Interrail & Eurail passes give unlimited travel on all trains run by ZFBH/ZRS (Railways of Bosnia-Herzegovina)
Reservation not required on local trains.
Reservation is theoretically necessary on the excellent Talgo trains between Sarajevo & Mostar, Banja Luka and Bihac, €0.50 in both classes. However, in practice it's reported that they don't bother with reservations for Interrail or Eurail passholders on these trains, just board the train and sit in any empty seat, the conductor will accept your pass.

Help with train times

Bulgaria

What's covered?

Interrail & Eurail passes give unlimited travel on all trains run by Bulgarian State Railways (BDZ), www.bdz.bg.

That includes all domestic local & mainline trains run by BDZ and (if you've a global pass) international trains to or from neighbouring countries run by BDZ & the partner railways in those countries.

Help with train times

For train times within Bulgaria see www.bdz.bg
See international train times & routes from Sofia

Using a pass on national trains

Local trains, barz & patnicheski trains do not require reservations.
Seat reservation is compulsory on express trains (Expresen), this costs around €0.50 and can only be made at stations in Bulgaria.
Sleeper trains within Bulgaria: Bed in 3-bed sleeper €5.80, in 2-bed sleeper €7.80, in single-bed sleeper €15. Reservations can only be made at stations in Bulgaria.

Using a pass on international trains

Sofia to Bucharest or Sofia to Dimitrovgrad by daytime train:
Reservation is obligatory on international trains, but a seat reservation only costs around €1.50. Reservations cannot be made online, but there are always places available, just make reservations at the station. See tips for making reservations at Sofia station.
Sofia to Istanbul by sleeper train:
€10 supplement for a couchette in 4-berth compartment or €15 supplement for a bed in a 2-bed sleeper.

If you have a 1t class pass, a single-bed sleeper all to yourself costs €35.

You cannot make reservations online, you can make them at Sofia station international ticket windows or (as this train can leave fully-booked) or you can make reservations by emailing Andy on tickets@discoverbyrail.com, the same rail expert that runs www.discoverbyrail.com. Naturally, he charges a booking fee. Tickets are normally delivered to your hotel in Sofia or a personal handover can sometimes be arranged, ask for details.

Croatia

What's covered?

Interrail & Eurail passes give unlimited travel on all trains run by Croatian Railways (HZ), www.hzpp.hr.

That includes all domestic local & mainline trains run by HZ and (if you've a global pass) international trains to or from neighbouring countries run by HZ & the partner railways in those countries.
Passes are not accepted on Regiojet's summer-only sleeper train between Prague & Rijeka.

Help with train times

For train times within Croatia, see www.hzpp.hr

See international train times & routes from Zagreb

See international train times & routes from Dubrovnik & Split

Using a pass within Croatia

ICN trains between Zagreb & Split, Intercity trains between Zagreb & Rijeka, Osijek, Cakovec:

Reservation necessary, €3.60 in both classes. Make this at the station, cannot be made online.
Zagreb-Split by sleeper train:

Couchette in 6-berth €10. Bed in 3-bed sleeper €15, bed in 2-bed sleeper €25, bed in single-bed sleeper €40.

Reservations cannot be made online, but it's easy to make a reservation at the station, places almost always available.

Using a pass on international trains

Zagreb to Ljubljana or Lesce-Bled:

Reservation optional, try asking for a reservation by email to rezervacije@hzpp.hr. Feedback appreciated, let me know if that email changes. You can also to reserve a seat for €3 at least on some departures, using the Austrian ÖBB website, see the instructions below. In this case, it's just an ordinary seat reservation, so you use the Seat reservation only - no ticket link to run the enquiry.
Zagreb to Vienna, Budapest or Belgrade:

Seat reservation is optional, you can just get on the train, sit in any empty unreserved seat & show your pass when asked. If you want a reserved seat, this costs around €3.

You can reserve a seat on from Zagreb to Vienna at the Austrian Railways website using Method 2, see the instructions below.
Zagreb to Munich or Zurich by sleeper train:

Couchette in 6-berth €34, couchette in 4-berth €44, bed in 3-bed sleeper €54, in 2-bed €74, in single-bed €114.

Passholder reservations for sleepers or couchettes can be made online at the ÖBB website using Method 1, see the instructions below.

Czech Republic

What's covered?

Interrail & Eurail passes give unlimited travel on Czech Railways (CD), www.cd.cz. That includes all domestic local & mainline trains run by CD and (if you've a global pass) international trains to or from neighbouring countries run by CD & the partner railways in those countries.
Passes also give unlimited travel on most Regiojet trains, see www.regiojet.com. However, passes are not accepted on Regiojet's summer-only sleeper train between Prague & Split/Rijeka.
Passes now also give unlimited travel on Leo Express trains, www.leoexpress.com.

What's not covered

Passes are not valid on private local train operators Arriva or GWTR.
Trains to Cesky Krumlov: Your pass covers the once daily direct train between Prague & Cesky Krumlov run by CD (Czech Railways). It also covers the regular trains run by CD between Prague or Linz & Ceske Budejovice, which is the junction station for the local trains to Cesky Krumlov. But Interrail & Eurail passes don't cover the local trains from Ceske Budejovice to Cesky Krumlov which are now operated by private operator GWTR. The fare is less than €2, so all you have to do is buy a ticket for this short 40-minute hop, either at the green & orange GWTR ticket kiosk at Ceske Budejovice or using the machines on board the train which take contactless cards.

Help with train times

For train times within the Czech Republic see www.cd.cz.

See international train times & routes from Prague

See international train times & routes from Cesky Krumlov

Using a pass within the Czech Republic

SuperCity (SC) trains run by CD between Prague & Ostrava:

Reservation compulsory for an €8 fee, you can make these reservations online at the CD website, see the instructions below.
EuroCity, InterCity & other express trains run by CD and its partner railways:

Reservation is optional. You can just board the train, sit in any empty seat and show your pass when asked. If you want a reserved seat this costs around €3, simply make a normal seat reservation using the CD (Czech Railways) website, see the instructions here.
Regiojet trains, for example Prague-Ostrava or Prague-Brno:

Seat reservation is compulsory, €1.3 in Low Cost, €2 in Standard, €2.8 in Relax or (if you have a 1st class pass) €1.3 in Business.

Regiojet passholder reservations can be made online at www.regiojet.com: Use the journey planner as if buying a normal ticket. When prices appear, look for the Only seat reservations toggle and use it. Select the train you want, then under Type of ticket purchased select Interrail & Eurail. You print out your reservation or can show it in the Regiojet app.

Alternatively, approach staff on the train before departure or go to the Regiojet/Student Agency sales point at Prague Hlavni.
Leo Express trains:

2nd class passes are valid in economy, 1st class passes in business class (or standard plus class), reservation is required but free of charge.

You can make passholder reservations in person at their Prague or Ostrava offices or online at leoexpress.com following the advice here. Upgrade to Premium class is not possible.

Czech Republic ► Germany

Prague to Dresden & Berlin by EuroCity train:
Reservation is optional, you can just board the train, sit in any empty seat and show your pass when asked. However, these trains get very busy so reserving a seat for around €4 is a good idea, especially in summer or on Friday & Sunday afternoons at any time of year. See photos, tips & information for Prague to Berlin trains.

If you want a reserved seat, simply make a normal seat reservation at the CD (Czech Railways) website, see the instructions here. .
Prague to Munich by express train:
Reservation is optional, you can just board the train, sit in any empty seat and show your pass when asked. See photos, tips & information for Prague to Munich trains.
If you want a reserved seat, simply make a normal seat reservation at the CD (Czech Railways) website, see the instructions here.
Prague to Nuremberg & Frankfurt via Cheb or Schwandorf:
You can check times from Prague to Germany via these two useful routes at www.cd.cz, clicking Advanced options, then Travel via and then entering Cheb or Schwandorf in the via box. Reservation is unnecessary on these routes route (unless the Prague-Cheb train is a SuperCity (SC) trains when a €7 fee applies, you can make a Prague-Cheb SuperCity reservation at the CD website, see the instructions here).

Czech Republic ► Austria

Prague to Vienna by ÖBB/CD railjet train:
Reservation is optional, you can just board the train, sit in any empty seat and show your pass when asked. However, reserving a seat for around €4 is a good idea on this busy route, especially in summer or on Friday & Sunday afternoons at any time of year. See photos, tips & information for Prague to Vienna trains.

If you want a reserved seat, simply make a normal seat reservation at the CD (Czech Railways) website, see the instructions here.
Prague to Vienna by Regiojet:
Seat reservation required, €1.3 in Low Cost, €2 in Standard, €2.8 in Relax or (only if you have a 1st class pass) €1.3 in Business.

Regiojet passholder reservations can be made online at www.regiojet.com: Use the journey planner as if buying a normal ticket. When prices appear, look for the Only seat reservations toggle and use it. Select the train you want, then under Type of ticket purchased select Interrail & Eurail. You print out your reservation or can show it in the Regiojet app.

Alternatively, approach staff on the train before departure or go to the Regiojet/Student Agency sales point at Prague Hlavni. See the photos, video, tips & info on the Prague to Vienna page.
Prague to Linz (for Salzburg & Innsbruck):
Reservation is optional on both the Czech train from Prague to Linz and the onward Austrian railjet trains to Salzburg & Innsbruck. You can just board the train, sit in any empty seat and show your pass when asked. See the photos, video, tips & info on the Prague to Salzburg page.
If you want a reserved seat, you can make a seat reservation at the CD (Czech Railways) website, see the instructions here. You can make a seat reservation from Linz to Salzburg or Innsbruck at the Austrian Railways website using Method 2, see the instructions here.

Czech Republic ► Switzerland

Prague to Zurich by EuroNight sleeper train (both routes):
With a 2nd class pass, bed in 3-berth sleeper €45, bed in 2-berth sleeper €58, bed in single-berth sleeper €110. With a 1st class pass, bed in 3-berth deluxe sleeper with shower & toilet €45, bed in 2-berth deluxe sleeper with shower & toilet €58, bed in single-bed deluxe sleeper with shower & toilet €110.

Passholder reservations for Prague to Zurich sleeper trains can be made online at the Czech Railways website www.cd.cz. Before running the enquiry, click where it says 1 x Adult 26-64 No discount card then click on No discount card , click Interrail and Eurail Pass then select the one you have. You print your own ticket or can show it on your phone.
Prague to Zurich by daytime trains with a change at Munich or Linz/Salzburg:
None of the daytime trains Prague-Munich & Munich-Zurich or Prague-Linz and Linz-Salzburg-Zurich require reservations, you can just hop on and show your pass when asked. Seat reservations are optional, you can make a normal seat reservation from Prague to Munich or Linz at the CD (Czech Railways) website as shown here. You can make a normal seat reservation from Munich to Zurich at the German Railways website as shown here or from Linz or Salzburg to Zurich at the Austrian Railways website using Method 2, see the instructions here.

Czech Republic ► Hungary

Prague to Budapest by EuroCity train:
Reservation is optional, so you can just board the train, sit in any empty seat and show your pass when asked. However, reserving a seat for around €3 is a good idea. More information about Prague to Budapest Eurocity trains.

If you want a reserved seat, simply make a normal seat reservation at the CD (Czech Railways) website, see the instructions here.
Prague to Budapest by sleeper train:
€21 for a bed in a 3-berth sleeper, €31 for a bed in a 2-bed sleeper, €72 in a single-bed sleeper, all bookable with a 2nd class pass. More information about the Prague to Budapest sleeper train.
Passholder reservations for Budapest to Prague sleeper berths can be made online at the Czech Railways website www.cd.cz, with no added booking fee. Before running the enquiry, click where it says 1 x Adult 26-64 No discount card then click on No discount card , click Interrail and Eurail Pass then select the one you have. You print your own ticket or can show it on your phone.
Prague to Budapest by private operator Regiojet:
Seat reservation required, €1.3 in Low Cost, €2 in Standard, €2.8 in Relax or (only if you have a 1st class pass) €1.3 in Business.

Regiojet passholder reservations can be made at www.regiojet.com: Use the journey planner as if buying a normal ticket. When prices appear, look for the Only seat reservations toggle and use it. Select the train you want, then under Type of ticket purchased select Interrail & Eurail. You print out your reservation or can show it in the Regiojet app.

Alternatively, approach staff on the train before departure or go to the Regiojet/Student Agency sales point at Prague Hlavni.

Czech Republic ► Slovakia

Prague to Bratislava by EuroCity train:
Reservation optional, so nothing to pay unless you want a reserved seat for €4. If you want a reserved seat, you can make a normal seat reservation at the CD (Czech Railways) website, see the instructions here.
Prague to Poprad Tatry & Kosice by fast tilting SuperCity (SC) trains:
Reservation compulsory, €8 reservation fee. Simply make a normal seat reservation at the CD (Czech Railways) website, see the instructions here.
Prague to Bratislava, Poprad Tatry, Kosice & Slovakia by Regiojet train:
Seat reservation required, €1.3 in Low Cost, €2 in Standard, €2.8 in Relax or (only if you have a 1st class pass) €1.3 in Business.
Regiojet passholder reservations can be made online at www.regiojet.com: Use the journey planner as if buying a normal ticket. When prices appear, look for the Only seat reservations toggle and use it. Select the train you want, then under Type of ticket purchased select Interrail & Eurail. You print out your reservation or can show it in the Regiojet app.
Alternatively, approach staff on the train before departure or go to the Regiojet/Student Agency sales point at Prague Hlavni.

Czech Republic ► Poland

Prague to Krakow or Warsaw by EuroCity train:
Reservation is compulsory, but you only need a normal seat reservation for around €3.50.
You can reserve a seat online at the CD (Czech Railways) website, see the instructions here.

Prague to Krakow or Warsaw by EuroNight sleeper train:
€13.40 per person in 6-bunk couchette, €?? in 4-bunk couchette, bed in 3-bed sleeper €20, bed in 2-bed sleeper €30, bed in single-bed sleeper €70, bed in 2-bed sleeper with shower & toilet €??, bed in single-bed sleeper with shower & toilet €80.

Passholder reservations for the Prague to Krakow/Warsaw sleeper train can be made online at the Czech Railways website www.cd.cz. Before running the enquiry, click where it says 1 x Adult 26-64 No discount card then click on No discount card , click Interrail and Eurail Pass then select the one you have. You print your own ticket or can show it on your phone.

Prague to Krakow by Leo Express (see timetable here):
2nd class passes entitle you to free travel in economy, 1st class passes to free travel in standard plus or business class. Reservation is required but free of charge, you can make passholder reservations in person at their Prague or Ostrava offices or online at leoexpress.com following the advice here. Upgrade to Premium class is not possible.

Denmark

What's covered?

Eurail & Interrail passes give unlimited travel on all trains run by DSB = Danish State Railways, www.dsb.dk.

That includes all domestic local & mainline trains run by DSB and (if you've a global pass) international trains to or from neighbouring countries run by DSB & its partner railways in those countries such as SJ (Sweden), DB (Germany). Passes also cover local trains run by Arriva.
Passes give free travel on the Öresund trains between Copenhagen, Malmo & Gothenburg.

Other pass benefits

30% discount on Stena Line ferries (including Frederikshavn-Gothenburg)

Help with train times

For train times within Denmark www.dsb.dk.

See international train times & routes from Copenhagen

Using a pass within Denmark

No reservations necessary and nothing extra to pay on any normal Danish domestic train, including Danish InterCity trains. Just hop on and show your pass. Optional reserved seat on longer-distance trains €3.90 per seat.

Denmark ► Germany

Copenhagen to Hamburg by InterCity train:

Reservation is usually optional, but over the last few years it's been compulsory in the summer months June-September, and it's strongly recommend at all times as these trains get very busy. Reservation fee around €5.

You can make a seat reservation online at the Danish railways website following the instructions here.

Denmark ► Sweden

Copenhagen to Malmo & Gothenburg by Oresund train:
No reservation necessary, you can just hop on any train, sit where you like and show your pass when asked.
Copenhagen to Stockholm by X2000 train:
Reservation compulsory, passholder reservation €6.60 in 2nd class, €16 in 1st class.
You can make passholder reservations at www.sj.se following the instructions below with no added booking fee. The reservation is e-ticketed and emailed to you.
You can also make them using the Eurail/Interrail reservations service, also e-ticketed and emailed to you.
You can also make them at www.trainplanet.com, remembering to first switch it to Interrail mode using the toggle under the journey planner. Trainplanet adds a small booking fee.

Estonia

What's covered?

Eurail & Interrail passes give unlimited travel on all trains run by Estonian railways = Elron, elron.ee.

Other pass benefits

Special fares on Tallink-Silja Line ferries Helsinki-Tallinn, Stockholm-Tallinn.

Help with train times

For trains within Estonia, see elron.ee.

See international train times & routes from Tallinn.

Using a pass on national trains

Fares are very cheap in Estonia so don't buy a pass for Estonia before checking normal train fares.
Reservations aren't necessary and aren't even possible in 2nd class, just hop on and show your pass.
Seat reservation is required in 1st class, reservations can only be made at Estonian stations, not online.

Finland

What's covered?

Eurail & Interrail passes give unlimited travel on all trains run by VR = Finnish state railways, www.vr.fi.

Other pass benefits

50% discount on Viking Line ferries Stockholm-Helsinki and Stockholm-Turku.
Special fares on Tallink-Silja Line ferries Stockholm-Helsinki, Stockholm-Turku, Helsinki-Tallinn.
30% discount on Finnlines ferries Helsinki-Travemünde & Helsinki-Rostock (Germany).

Help with train times

For trains within Finland, see www.vr.fi.

See international train times & routes from Helsinki.

Using a pass within Finland

Reservation on InterCity & Pendolino trains is optional, if you want a reserved seat it costs €5 to €10 in 2nd class or €10-€15 in 1st class, depending on distance.
Sleeper trains to Lapland: Bed in 2-bed sleeper €40, Bed in 2-bed sleeper with shower & WC €45, bed in single sleeper €100, bed in single sleeper with shower & WC €110.
You can make passholder reservations at the station or by phone to VR at +358 923 192 902, you can check this number at www.vr.fi.

France

What's covered?

Eurail & Interrail passes give unlimited travel on SNCF = French national railways, www.sncf-connect.com/en.

That includes all domestic local & mainline trains run by SNCF and (if you've a global pass) international trains to or from neighbouring countries run by SNCF & the partner railways in those countries including Thalys (to Brussels & Amsterdam). TGV-Lyria (to Switzerland), Renfe (Spain), DB (Germany). The Mont-Blanc Express is covered, as it's run by SNCF.
Virtually all major international trains to or from France require reservation, as explained below

What's not covered?

Passes don't cover the Paris metro or RER (express metro) routes run by the Paris urban transit authority RATP, but are valid on a few RER routes run by SNCF.
Passes don't cover Ouigo lo-cost trains. Ouigo is a separate company, even though it's an SNCF subsidiary.
Passes don't cover Trenitalia's Frecciarossas on the Paris-Lyon-Turin/Milan route as Trenitalia France is a separate company (but they cover SNCF TGVs on this route).
Passes don't cover the Nice-Digne private railway.

Other pass benefits

30% discount on Irish Ferries (www.irishferries.com) direct France-Dublin ferries. You cannot book online with this discount, but call them and it can be done over the phone or at the port.

Help with train times

For trains within France see www.raileurope.com.

See international train times & routes from Paris

See international train times & routes from Nice

See international train times & routes from Marseille

See international train times & routes from Lyon

See international train times & routes from Bordeaux

See international train times & routes from Toulouse

See international train times & routes from Montpellier

See international train times & routes from Strasbourg

Using a pass within France

In France, you must pay a passholder reservation fee for almost all long-distance trains.
TGV high-speed trains
TGVs run on major long distance routes, seat reservation is compulsory. A limited number of €10 passholder reservations is offered on each TGV. When these sell out passholders can reserve remaining places for a higher €20 reservation fee until the train is actually full.

On some trains, 2nd class passholders are offered an optional upgrade to 1st class for €30-€55, but only if you book using option 2 below.

Passes are not valid on Ouigo lo-cost TGVs, as Ouigo is a separate company, even though it's an SNCF subsidiary.

Intercités
Intercités with compulsory reservation run on routes such as Paris-Limoges-Toulouse, Bordeaux-Toulouse-Marseille-Nice. Seat reservation compulsory, passholder reservation fee €10.

Intercités de nuit sleeper trains

Intercités de nuit overnight trains run on routes such as Paris-Nice, Paris-Toulouse-Latour de Carol, Paris-Lourdes: Reclining seat €10, couchette in a 2nd class 6-bunk compartment €21.60, couchette in a 1st class 4-berth compartment (with 1st class pass) €21.60.

Trains Nomad, Paris-Normandy
This is a brand name used for trains between Paris & Normandy, including Paris-Caen-Cherbourg, Paris-Rouen-Le Havre. Seat reservation is compulsory, €1.50. Confusingly, as they're operated by the Normandy region they are shown as TER in some ticketing systems/timetables. You can't make Train Nomad reservations online, but can make them at ticket offices or using SNCF self-service ticket machines anywhere in France - select English, you need to look in fare types for Interrail (whether your pass is Interrail or Eurail, it doesn't matter, reservations are exactly the same for both types of pass).
TER regional trains
Reservation is not necessary or even possible on Trains Express Régionaux (TER). Just hop on, sit in any empty seat, show your pass when asked.
How to make passholder reservations online
You cannot make passholder reservations at the French Railways website sncf-connect.com.

Option 1, you can make passholder reservations for French trains online using the Eurail/Interrail reservations service.

It's e-ticketed, the reservation is emailed to you within minutes. This system can reserve TGVs, Intercités & Intercités de nuit, but not Trains Nomad. You may find that reservations only open 90 days ahead.

Option 2, you can make passholder reservations for TGVs, Intercités & Intercités de nuit at travel.b-europe.com/Eurail-GE/en/booking-tgv.

Bookings open up to 4 months ahead. This website lets you check availability and prices (is it €10 or €20 on your train?) before you buy a pass, because it doesn't require a pass number to run an enquiry, only to make the reservation.

On some trains, 2nd class passholders may be offered an optional upgrade to 1st class when using this website.
As you can see from the URL, this is a page run by the Belgian Railways, but it's re-badged for the Interrail/Eurail organisation and not accessible via the normal B-europe.com home page. This special page is designed to be accessed via the Interrail/Eurail Railplanner app for in-app reservations, but there's no reason why you can't use it directly on a desktop or laptop if you know the URL to access it (which you do, I just gave it to you!).

If it won't accept your mobile pass number, simply generate a pass cover number from your mobile pass number using this special page: www.eurail.com/en/book-reservations#/generatePassCoverNumber.
How to make passholder reservations at stations when in France

You can make passholder reservations at staffed counters of course, but it's easier & quicker to use one of the SNCF self-service ticket machines. This not only saves time you can see for yourself which trains have availability. The self-service machines have a touch screen which can be switched to English. If you don't immediately find Eurail/Interrail in the list of passes & discounts, click other (something like that!) and you'll find it hidden away.

France ► Great Britain

Eurostar from Paris, Lille or Calais to London:
Eurail & Interrail passes cover Eurostar to London on payment of a passholder reservation fare of €30 in standard class if you have a 2nd class pass or €38 in standard premier if you have a 1st class pass.
You can make Eurostar passholder reservations online as explained here.

France ► Belgium, Netherlands

Paris to Brussels, Rotterdam, Amsterdam by Thalys high-speed train:
You must pay a passholder reservation fee, €25 to Brussels or €30 to Amsterdam in either class.

You can make Thalys passholder reservations online at either b-europe.com as explained here or using the official Eurail/Interrail reservations service. There's a quota for passholders which can sell out even if the train isn't full - so book early!

Tip: If you want to save money or if Thalys trains have no passholder places left: You can avoid using Thalys by taking regional trains Paris-Maubeuge-Charleroi-Brussels as shown here as Paris-Brussels option 2. It takes much longer than Thalys, there's only 1-3 departures per day with 2 changes of train, but no reservations are necessary, no extra to pay, just board the trains and show your pass. You can then take the hourly classic InterCity train from Brussels to Amsterdam.
Direct TGVs from Marseille, Avignon, Lyon & other French cities to Brussels:
Reservation compulsory, €20 in 2nd class, €30 in 1st class.

Passholder reservations can be made online using the Eurail/Interrail reservations service. It's e-ticketed, the reservation is emailed to you within minutes.

France ► Luxembourg

Paris-Luxembourg by TGV:
Reservation compulsory, €10 fee in both classes.

You can make passholder reservations online using the Eurail/Interrail reservations service. It's e-ticketed, the reservation is emailed to you within minutes.

France ► Switzerland

Paris to Geneva, Lausanne, Basel or Zurich by TGV-Lyria TGV high-speed train:
Reservation is compulsory, €29 in 2nd class, €39 in 1st class. These new rates apply from 1 July 2023.

The good news is that TGV-Lyria passholder places shouldn't run out as they're taken from the most expensive price bucket.

You can make passholder reservations for TGV-Lyria using the Eurail/Interrail reservations service. It's e-ticketed, the reservation is emailed to you within minutes.

If you can book 2-3 months ahead, regular advance-purchase tickets start at €29 including reservation, booked at www.thetrainline.com.
How to avoid the TGV-Lyria passholder fee from Paris to Switzerland:
Option 1, take a TER regional train from Paris to Mulhouse then a TER regional train from Mulhouse to Basel SBB, no reservation necessary or possible on either train. Find times using int.bahn.de: Click Mode of transport, select Local transport only then run a Paris-Basel enquiry.
Option 2, take a TGV from Paris to Strasbourg (€10 or €20 fee) then a TER regional train from Strasbourg to Basel. Find times using int.bahn.de, click Stopovers and enter Strasbourg, then run a Paris-Basel enquiry. Make the Paris-Strasbourg TGV reservation using the Eurail/Interrail reservations service.
Option 3, take one of the several Paris-Lyon TER regional trains (no reservation needed, just hop on & show your pass, but they take 5h rather than 2h by TGV) then another TER regional train from Lyon to Geneva (no reservation required, just hop on & show your pass). Find times using int.bahn.de: Click Stopover and enter Lyon Part Dieu, click Mode of transport and select Local transport only, then run a Paris-Geneva enquiry.

France ► Italy

Paris to Turin or Milan by SNCF (French Railways) TGV train:
Reservation is compulsory, €31 in 2nd class, €45 in 1st class.
You can make passholder reservations using the Eurail/Interrail reservations service. It's e-ticketed, the reservation is emailed to you.
Passholder places are controlled by quota, passholder places can run out even when there are plenty of seats left.
If booking well in advance, it may be cheaper to buy a normal ticket from just €29 2nd class, €46 in 1st class including reservation at www.raileurope.com or www.thetrainline.com - even if you already have a pass.
Can you avoid these high fees between Paris & Italy? Not easily, as there are no local trains across the border on the direct Paris-Milan route. But you could consider going Paris-Nice by TGV (€10 fee, or €20 when the €10 reservations sell out) then using local trains along the Mediterranean coast from Nice to Ventimiglia then onwards into Italy. Find times from Nice to Italy using int.bahn.de, if you want to stick with fee-free regional trains click Mode of transport and select Local transport only. Look for trains marked TER, R & RV.
Paris or Lyon to Turin or Milan by Trenitalia (Italian Railways) Frecciarossa:

Passes aren't currently valid on Trenitalia's Paris-Lyon-Turin-Milan Frecciarossas, because when in France it is run by Trenitalia France which is not a signatory to the Interrail & Eurail schemes, even though it's a subsidiary of Trenitalia. But advance-purchase fares for the Frecciarossa start at €29 which is cheaper than the TGV passholder fee, so check normal prices using www.italiarail.com, www.raileurope.com or www.thetrainline.com.
Cannes, Nice, Monaco to Genoa, Milan & Italy via Ventimiglia:
Travel from Nice to Italy means using a TER regional train from Cannes or Nice to Ventimiglia on the Italian border, then an Italian domestic train, see the Nice to Italy by train page. No reservation is needed for the French TER train to Ventimiglia, nor for Italian regional trains from Ventimiglia to Genoa. Normal Italian reservation arrangements apply to Intercity trains from Ventimiglia to Genoa & Milan, see the Italy national trains section below.

France ► Spain

Paris, Nimes, Montpellier, Perpignan, Narbonne to Barcelona by French Railways (SNCF) TGV:
Reservation compulsory, a hefty €35 in 1st or 2nd class.

The same fee is charged for shorter journeys on these trains, for example Perpignan-Barcelona. Passholder places are controlled by a quota, so can sell out even if the train isn't full.

You can make passholder reservations online using the Eurail/Interrail reservations service, it's e-ticketed, the reservation is emailed to you and can be printed or shown on your phone.
Lyon, Marseille, Avignon, Nimes, Montpellier, Perpignan, Narbonne to Barcelona & Madrid by Spanish Railways (Renfe) AVE:

The reservation fee is believed to be €13.70, but ways to book passholder reservations on these Renfe AVE trains are almost non-existent.
You cannot book online at Renfe.com. You cannot even buy at the station, because all French station staff work for SNCF. This is a competing Renfe train and there are absolutely no Renfe ticket offices or staff at any station in France. You can't even book by phone.
See if the Eurail/Interrail reservations service will book these AVEs, this can now do some Spanish trains and the range of Renfe trains that it can book is slowly expanding. But at the time I write this, it can't.
Conclusion? Give up. Use an alternative SNCF TGV instead OR just bite the bullet and buy a regular ticket from just €19 at www.renfe.com.

How to avoid the expensive Paris-Barcelona TGV reservation fee:
Option 1, Toulouse to Latour de Carol to Barcelona: There are no fees to pay or reservations required on the TER regional trains from Toulouse to Latour de Carol or on the Spanish Cercanias train from Latour de Carol through the Pyrenees to Barcelona, see here for details. Just turn up, hop on and show your pass when asked.
Option 2, Perpignan - Cerbère- Barcelona: Take a TGV from Paris to Perpignan, €10 reservation fee booked in advance or €20 fee when the €10 fees sell out, book this online using the Eurail/Interrail reservations service. Or travel to Perpignan from Montpelier, Avignon, Marseille, Nice or wherever. Then take a local TER regional train from Perpignan to either Cerbère or Portbou and a Spanish Rodalies local train along the scenic coast from Cerebère or Portbou to Barcelona Sants, no reservation necessary for either train. The easiest way to find Perpignan-Barcelona TER/Rodalies times is to use int.bahn.de: Click Stopovers and enter Portbou length of stay left as zero, click Mode of transport and select Local transport only, then run an enquiry from Perpignan to Barcelona Sants. This will bring up journeys with one change, at either Cerbère or Portbou, marked TER, R. If this method stops working for any reason, search for Perpignan to Cerbère or Portbou TER trains using int.bahn.de, then check times of the Rodalies trains from Cerbère or Portbou to Barcelona Sants at rodalies.gencat.cat/en/horaris.
Option 3, via San Sebastian at the northern end of the Pyrenees: Take a TGV from Paris or Bordeaux to Hendaye on the Spanish border, €10 fee in advance or €20 fee when the €10 fees sell out, easily bookable online as shown here. You'll also find fee-free TER regional trains from Bordeaux or Biarritz to Hendaye, no reservation necessary, just hop on and show your pass. Now take the little Euskotren metro from Hendaye to San Sebastian Amara station, this runs every 30 minutes and takes 37 minutes. It's not covered by Interrail or Eurail, but the fare is only €2.50 or so, just buy at Hendaye Euskotren station. Now take a Spanish train from San Sebastian to Madrid, Barcelona or wherever, reservation fee €10, make the reservation at the station. Check times at www.raileurope.com.

France ► Germany

Paris to Mannheim, Karlsruhe, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Munich by TGV Duplex or ICE:
Reservation is compulsory, passholder fee €18 in both classes. There's a quota for passholders which can sell out even if the train isn't full.

You can make passholder reservations using the Eurail/Interrail reservations service. It's e-ticketed, the reservation is emailed to you.
Paris to Cologne or Dusseldorf by Thalys high-speed train:
You must pay a passholder reservation fee, €30 in either class. There's a quota for passholders which can sell out even if the train isn't full.
You can make passholder reservations at b-europe.com as explained here or using the official Eurail/Interrail reservations service.
Paris to Munich Ost by Nightjet sleeper train:
Seat €14, couchette in 6-berth €34, couchette in 4-berth €44, bed in 3-berth sleeper €74, bed in 2-berth sleeper €94, bed in single-berth sleeper €144, berth in 2-berth deluxe sleeper €114, berth in single-berth deluxe sleeper €154. Only a 2nd class ticket or pass is needed for all Nightjet accommodation types, as from 2017.
Passholder reservations for nightjet sleeper trains can be made online at the ÖBB website using Method 1, see the instructions below.

France ► Austria

Paris to Salzburg & Vienna by Nightjet sleeper train:
Seat €14, couchette in 6-berth €34, couchette in 4-berth €44, bed in 3-berth sleeper €74, bed in 2-berth sleeper €94, bed in single-berth sleeper €144, berth in 2-berth deluxe sleeper €114, berth in single-berth deluxe sleeper €154. Only a 2nd class ticket or pass is needed for all Nightjet accommodation types.

Passholder reservations for nightjet sleeper trains can be made online at the ÖBB website using Method 1, see the instructions below.

Germany

What's covered?

Eurail & Interrail passes give unlimited travel on DB = Deutsche Bahn = German Federal Railways, int.bahn.de.

That includes all domestic local & mainline trains run by DB, including Intercity & ICE trains and (if you've a global pass) international trains to or from neighbouring countries run by DB & the partner railways in those countries including those classified EuroCity (EC) and railjet (RJ & RJX).

Passes are valid on the S-Bahn suburban train networks in Berlin, Hamburg & other cities as these are run by DB.
Passes are valid on Austrian-run Nightjet trains, with a seat, couchette or sleeper reservation fee.
Passes are valid on the privately-run European Sleeper from Berlin to Amsterdam & Brussels, the SJ EuroNight sleeper from Berlin & Hamburg to Stockholm and the Snälltåget sleeper from Berlin & Hamburg to Stockholm, on payment of the relevant reservation fee.
Passes are valid on many regional trains that have been outsourced to private operators, for a list of German opertaors see this page - please let me know if this link stops working).

What's not covered?

Interrail passes are not valid on privately-run lo-cost Flixtrain
Interrail passes are not valid on the Kulturzug regional train Berlin-Dresden-Wroclaw.
Interrail passes are not valid on HSB (the Harz Railway)

Help with train times

For train times within Germany see int.bahn.de.

See international train times & routes from Berlin

See international train times & routes from Munich

See international train times & routes from Cologne & Dusseldorf

See international train times & routes from Frankfurt

See international train times & routes from Hamburg

Using a pass within Germany

Using a Eurail or Interrail pass in Germany is easy, as reservation is optional not mandatory on almost all German domestic daytime trains, even on fast InterCity (IC) or high-speed InterCityExpress (ICE) trains. So you can simply hop on any train, find an empty seat and show your pass when asked.
If you want to reserve a seat, simply make a normal seat reservation for €4.90 2nd class or €5.90 1st class using the German Railways website as explained here.
Nightjet sleeper trains Munich to Hamburg, Munich to Cologne & Dusseldorf:

Seat €14, couchette in 6-berth €34, couchette in 4-berth €44, bed in 3-berth sleeper €74, bed in 2-berth sleeper €94, bed in single-berth sleeper €144, berth in 2-berth deluxe sleeper €114, berth in single-berth deluxe sleeper €154. Only a 2nd class ticket or pass is now needed for all Nightjet accommodation types.

Passholder reservations for nightjet sleeper trains can be made online at the ÖBB website using Method 1, see the instructions below.

Germany ► Paris & France

Cologne to Paris by Thalys high-speed trains:
Reservation compulsory, passholder fee €30 in either class.
You can make Thalys passholder reservations at b-europe.com as explained here or using the official Eurail/Interrail reservations service. Passholder places limited by quota which can sell out even if the train isn't full - so book early!
Munich, Stuttgart, Frankfurt, Karlsruhe, Mannheim to Paris by TGV or ICE:
Reservation compulsory, passholder fee €18 in both classes.
You can make passholder reservations online using the Eurail/Interrail reservations service. Passholder places on these trains are quota-controlled so can sell out.

Germany ► Brussels & Belgium

Frankfurt & Cologne to Brussels by ICE high-speed train:
Reservation is optional on these ICE trains. You can just hop on, sit in any empty unreserved seat & show your pass when asked. If you want to reserve seat for around €5, you can make a reservation using the German Railways website as explained here. This is a good idea as these trains can get busy.
Dusseldorf & Cologne to Brussels by Thalys high-speed train:
Reservation compulsory, passholder fee €25 in either class.
You can make Thalys passholder reservations at b-europe.com as explained here or using the official Eurail/Interrail reservations service. Passholder places are controlled by a quota which can sell out even if the train isn't full, so book early or use the ICE instead.
Berlin to Antwerp & Brussels by European Sleeper overnight train:
Covered by Interrail or Eurail from 1 July 2023. €14 for a seat, €44 for a couchette in 6-berth, €64 for a couchette in 4-berth, €89 for a bed in a 3-bed sleeper, €129 for a bed in a 2-bed sleeper or €159 for a bed in a single sleeper. These prices apply whether your pass is 1st or 2nd class, it doesn't matter.

You can buy passholder reservations online at www.europeansleeper.eu, select 'Interrail / Eurail' instead of 'adult' when booking.

Germany ► Amsterdam & the Netherlands

Berlin or Hanover to Amsterdam by Intercity (IC) train:
Reservation is optional, you can just hop on, sit in any empty unreserved seat & show your pass when asked. If you want a reserved seat, you can make a normal seat reservation using the German Railways website, as explained here.
Frankfurt, Cologne, Dusseldorf or Duisburg to Amsterdam by ICE train:
Reservation is normally optional, you can just hop on, sit in any empty unreserved seat & show your pass when asked. If you want a reserved seat, you can normally make a normal seat reservation using the German Railways website, as explained here.

Important: From 17 June to 18 August 2023 reservation is compulsory for cross-border journeys on the Amsterdam-Cologne-Frankfurt ICE trains. First try making a reservation using the German Railways website, as explained here, but it seems they have disabled the ability to make reservation-only bookings on these ICEs during this period. If all else fails, phone NS Customer Support to make your reservation, on +31 30 23 000 23.
Munich to Amsterdam by Nightjet sleeper train:
Seat €14, couchette in 6-berth €34, couchette in 4-berth €44, bed in 3-berth sleeper €74, bed in 2-berth sleeper €94, bed in single-berth sleeper €144, berth in 2-berth deluxe sleeper €114, berth in single-berth deluxe sleeper €154. Only a 2nd class ticket or pass is needed for all Nightjet accommodation types, as from 2017.

Passholder reservations for nightjet sleeper trains can be made online at the ÖBB website using Method 1, see the instructions below.
Berlin to Amsterdam & Rotterdam by European Sleeper overnight train:
Covered by Interrail or Eurail as from 1 July 2023. €9 for a seat, €39 for a couchette in 6-berth, €59 for a couchette in 4-berth, €79 for a bed in a 3-bed sleeper, €119 for a bed in a 2-bed sleeper or €149 for a bed in a single sleeper. These prices apply whether your pass is 1st or 2nd class, it doesn't matter.

You can buy passholder reservations online at www.europeansleeper.eu, select 'Interrail / Eurail' instead of 'adult' when booking.

Germany ► Luxembourg

The regional trains from Germany to Luxembourg have no seat reservations, just hop on, sit in any empty seat & show your pass when asked.

Germany ► Switzerland

Germany to Switzerland by InterCity, ICE & EuroCity trains:
Reservation is optional on all these services. You can just hop on, sit in any empty unreserved seat & show your pass when asked. If you want a reserved seat, you can make a seat reservation for around €5 using the German Railways website, as explained here.
Germany to Basel & Zurich by Nightjet sleeper train:

Seat €14, couchette in 6-berth €34, couchette in 4-berth €44, bed in 3-berth sleeper €54, bed in 2-berth sleeper €74, bed in single-berth sleeper €114, berth in 2-berth deluxe sleeper €94, berth in single-berth deluxe sleeper €134. Only a 2nd class ticket or pass is needed for all Nightjet accommodation types.

Passholder reservations for nightjet sleeper trains can be made online at the ÖBB website using Method 1, see the instructions below.

Germany ► Italy

Munich to Verona, Bologna or Venice by EuroCity train:
There is a passholder surcharge for travel on these Brenner Pass EuroCity trains, €10 in 2nd class or €15 in 1st class, a reserved seat is optional for an extra €3 per seat.
You can board the train without a reservation, sit in any empty unreserved seat and pay the surcharge on board when the conductor comes round, or you can make a seat reservation & pay the surcharge at the Austrian Railways website using Method 1, see the instructions below.
Munich to Milan, Genoa, Venice, Bologna, Florence or Rome by Nightjet sleeper train:
Seat €14, couchette in 6-berth €34, couchette in 4-berth €44, bed in 3-berth sleeper €54, bed in 2-berth sleeper €74, bed in single-berth sleeper €114, berth in 2-berth deluxe sleeper €94, berth in single-berth deluxe sleeper €134. Only a 2nd class ticket or pass is needed for all Nightjet accommodation types.
Passholder reservations for nightjet sleeper trains can be made online at the ÖBB website using Method 1, see the instructions below.

Germany ► Austria

Germany to Innsbruck, Salzburg, Linz or Vienna by EuroCity (EC), Intercity (IC), ICE or railjet train:
Reservation is optional on these trains, you can just hop on, sit in any empty unreserved seat & show your pass when asked.

If you want a reserved seat, you can make a normal seat reservation using the German Railways website as explained here or at the Austrian Railways website using Method 2 as explained here, the latter charges slightly less for a seat reservation.
Munich to Salzburg by BRB regional train:
Reservation neither necessary nor possible on these regional trains, just hop on and sit anywhere you like.
Munich to Salzburg, Linz or Vienna by private operator Westbahn:
Interrail & Eurail passes give unlimited travel in standard (2nd) class on Westbahn, seat reservation optional. If you have a 1st class pass, you can either sit in a standard class seat for free or pay the upgrade to sit in a Westbahn Comfort class or First class seat.
You can reserve a standard class seat for around €3 or pay for an upgrade to Comfort or First class with reservation included at www.westbahn.at. Change DE to EN top right for English, then click Reservations.
Germany to Austria by Nightjet sleeper train:
Hamburg, Dusseldorf, Cologne to Vienna or Innsbruck by Nightjet: Seat €13.70, couchette in 6-berth €33.20, couchette in 4-berth €43, bed in 3-berth sleeper €72.30, bed in 2-berth sleeper €91.90, bed in single-berth sleeper €140.70, berth in 3-berth deluxe sleeper €91.90, berth in 2-berth deluxe sleeper €111.40, berth in single-berth deluxe sleeper €160.30. Only a 2nd class ticket or pass is needed for all Nightjet accommodation types, as from 2017.

Berlin to Vienna by Nightjet: Seat €13.60, couchette in 6-berth €33, couchette in 4-berth €42.80, bed in 3-berth sleeper €52.50, bed in 2-berth sleeper €71.90, bed in single-berth sleeper €120.50,berth in 3-berth deluxe sleeper €71.90, berth in 2-berth deluxe sleeper €91.30, berth in single-berth deluxe sleeper €139.90. Only a 2nd class ticket or pass is needed for all Nightjet accommodation types.
Passholder reservations for nightjet sleeper trains can be made online at the ÖBB website using Method 1, see the instructions below.

Germany ► Copenhagen & Denmark

Hamburg to Copenhagen by EuroCity train:
Reservation is usually optional, but over the last few years it has been compulsory in the summer months June-September, and is strongly recommended at all times of year as these trains get very busy. A seat reservation costs around €5.
You can make a normal seat reservation online at the Danish Railways website, see the instructions here.

Germany ► Stockholm & Sweden

Berlin or Hamburg to Stockholm by SJ EuroNight sleeper train:
Reservation required. You can book passholder places in couchettes or sleepers at the Swedish Railways website www.sj.se by adding an Interrail/Eurail discount to each passenger, see the instructions for booking passholders at sj.se here.
Berlin or Hamburg to Malmo or Stockholm by Snälltåget night train:
Reservation required, €19 in a seat, €39 with a couchette. You can make a passholder reservation online at www.snalltaget.se simply by ticking the I have an Interrail or Eurail pass box below the calendar.
Berlin to Sweden by daytime trains changing in Copenhagen: See the Germany to Denmark & Denmark to Sweden sections.

Germany ► Prague & Czech Republic

Berlin or Dresden to Prague by EuroCity train:
Reservation is optional on this route, you can just hop on, sit in any empty unreserved seat & show your pass when asked. However, it can get very busy in summer and on Fridays & Sundays all year so I'd strongly recommend reserving a seat.
You can make a normal seat reservation for €3 to €5 using either the German Railways website as explained here or the Czech Railways website as explained here.
Munich to Prague by EuroCity train:
Reservation is optional on this route, you can just hop on, sit in any empty unreserved seat & show your pass when asked.
Nuremberg or Frankfurt to Prague via Schwandorf or Cheb:
You can check times from Germany to Prague via these two useful routes at www.cd.cz, clicking Advanced options, then Travel via and then entering Cheb or Schwandorf in the via box. On ICE & regional trains you can just hop on, sit in any empty unreserved seat & show your pass when asked. The same goes for Czech express trains. Occasionally the Cheb-Prague connection is a CD SuperCity (SC) trains, reservation compulsory, €7 fee.

Germany ► Poland

Berlin to Warsaw, Krakow, Gdansk or Gdynia by EuroCity train:
Reservation compulsory, €4 in either class.

You can make passholder reservations online using the Eurail/Interrail reservations service, but in this case the reservation cannot be e-ticketed, it has to be sent to you at extra cost, so it's €4 + €2 booking fee + €9 postage fee. Consider buying at the station, there are usually places available.
Berlin to Stettin & other cross-border regional trains:
Seat reservations neither necessary nor possible, just hop on the train and show your pass when asked.

Germany ► Budapest & Hungary

Berlin or Dresden to Budapest by EuroCity train Hungaria:
Reservation is optional on this train, you can just hop on, sit in any empty unreserved seat & show your pass when asked. However, it can get very busy in summer and on Fridays & Sundays all year so I'd strongly recommend reserving a seat.

You can make a normal seat reservation for €3 to €5 using either the German Railways website as explained here or the Czech Railways website as explained here.
Munich to Budapest by railjet train:
Reservation is optional on this route, you can just hop on, sit in any empty unreserved seat & show your pass when asked. If you want a reserved seat, you can make a normal seat reservation for around €5 using the German Railways website as explained here.
Berlin to Budapest by EuroNight sleeper train:
Couchette in 6-berth €34, couchette in 4-berth €44, bed in 3-bed sleeper €54, in 2-bed €74, in single-bed €114, all can be used with a 2nd class pass.

Passholder reservations for sleepers or couchettes can be made online at the ÖBB website using Method 1, see the instructions below.
Munich to Budapest by EuroNight sleeper train:
Couchette in 6-berth €34, couchette in 4-berth €44, bed in 3-bed sleeper €54, in 2-bed €74, in single-bed €114, all fine with 2nd class pass. Passholder reservations for sleepers or couchettes can be made online at the ÖBB website using Method 1, see the instructions below.

Germany ► Slovenia & Croatia

Munich to Ljubljana & Zagreb by daytime train:
Reservation optional, you can just get on and sit in any empty unreserved seat and show your pass when asked. If you want a reserved seat, you can make a normal seat reservation for around €5 using the German Railways website as explained here.
Munich to Zagreb by EuroNight sleeper train:
Couchette in 6-berth €20, couchette in 4-berth €30, bed in 3-bed sleeper €60, in 2-bed €80, in single-bed €120.
Passholder reservations for sleepers or couchettes can be made online at the ÖBB website using Method 1, see the instructions below.

Great Britain

What's covered?

Eurail & Interrail passes give unlimited travel on all 20+ train operators which make up National Rail, www.nationalrail.co.uk, including LNER, Avanti West Coast, Great Western, ScotRail, Transport For Wales Trains, South Western Railways and so on
Passes don't cover Transport for London's London Underground, buses or trams. But they do cover London Overground and the National-Rail-run Elizabeth Line.
Passes do not cover the Heathrow Express.
If you live in the UK, remember the 2-day limit on using an Interrail pass in your home country.

Help with train times

About train travel in Britain

About Eurostar from London to Paris & Brussels

About Eurostar from London to Amsterdam

See train times & routes from London to mainland Europe

Using a pass within Britain

Overnight sleeper trains

There are just two services in Britain where reservation is compulsory for all passengers including passholders (but read the All other trains in Britain paragraph below), namely the Caledonian Sleepers between London & Scotland and GWR's Night Riviera sleeper between London & Cornwall.

To use a sleeper berth between London & Scotland or London & Cornwall you need to pay the sleeper berth supplement, see the Caledonian Sleeper page for prices & how to book a berth online to/from Scotland or the Sleeper to Cornwall page for how to make reservations to or from Cornwall. A seat reservation on these sleeper trains is free, if you're happy with a seat not a bed.
All other trains

Reservation on all other trains in Britain is either unnecessary (suburban & local trains) or optional (longer-distance trains). You can just get on any train, find any empty unreserved seat and sit in it, showing your pass when asked.

However, several train operators are shown on the official Interrail & Eurail websites as mandatory reservation even though they are not compulsory-reservation for normal ticket holders. The list used to include a dozen operators, I'm glad to see it's been shortened to just a few:

LNER (London-York-Leeds/Newcastle-Edinburgh & branches), TransPennine Express (Liverpool-Manchester-York/Leeds-Newcastle & branches) and Avanti West Coast (London to Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Holyhead, Carlisle & Glasgow)

The Man in Seat 61 says: "In fact, these operators' trains are NOT 'mandatory reservation' at all for normal ticket holders, this is just Rail Delivery Group being over-the-top. Feedback suggests you'll be fine getting on without a reservation, I doubt conductors know or care. However, a reserved seat for a long journey is recommended, especially on Friday or Sunday afternoons or morning peak periods. I have so far had one correspondent say they travelled extensively on these operators without making any reservations at all, the conductors never worried about it, just as I expected. So make a free seat reservation if you can, but don't worry about it if you can't." Feedback appreciated.

In fact, the information on travel in Great Britain on www.myinterrail.co.uk - which is managed by National Rail, who ought to know - differs from that on the Interrail & Eurail website, it confirms that no reservations are compulsory on any British domestic train, other than sleepers.
How to make seat reservations online free-of-charge

Do not pay £££ to make seat reservations through an agency or even via the Interrail/Eurail reservation service. There's a well-hidden way to make stand-alone seat reservations for free to go with an Interrail or Eurail pass:

1. Go to www.gwr.com & register for an account.

2. Sign in & click My account.

3. Click Bookings.

4. Click Make a seat/bike reservation.

5. Run an enquiry and select the train you want. It will ask you to select a fare, select any fare in the right class, it doesn't matter what fare type you click on, continue and make the reservation. It says you won't be charged and you'll get a free seat reservation without the need to enter any payment details.

6. Make a note of the train departure time, car and seat number, although you should get an email with these details. The conductor won't ask you for this, but you need to know where your reserved seat is (obviously), and you may want to show proof if for example you found someone else sitting in your reserved seat.

This process works for any train, route or operator where seat reservations are possible, including GWR, LNER, Avanti West Coast, East Midlands Trains, Cross-Country, TransPennine & Scotrail. Please let me know if this process changes, or ceases to work.

Tip: If you want a seat reservation on an LNER train (for example, between London & York, Leeds, Newcastle, Edinburgh) you can also use www.lner.co.uk/travel-information/make-a-reservation to make a free seat reservation to go with a pass, up to 5 minutes before the train leaves its starting station. You can choose your seat from a seat map on LNER trains if you reserve this way. You'll need to register for an LNER account during the process, but no payment is necessary, it's free just like gwr.com. However, gwr.com can reserve seats on any operator, this LNER system can only make reservations on LNER trains.

In person: Simply ask at any staffed station any time up to about 2h before departure, or ideally the day before. There are always places available, even on the day.

Using a pass on Eurostar to Paris, Brussels & Amsterdam

London to Paris, Brussels, Amsterdam by Eurostar:

Eurostar can be used from London, Ebbsfleet or Ashford to Lille, Paris, Brussels or Amsterdam if you pay a special passholder fare of €30 in standard class or (if you have a 1st class pass) €38 in standard premier.

You can buy Eurostar passholder tickets online as explained here.

Greece

What's covered?

Eurail & Interrail passes give unlimited travel on Hellenic Train (Greek national railways, www.hellenictrain.gr, formerly TrainOSE). That includes all domestic local & mainline trains run by Hellenic Train and (if you've a global pass) international trains to or from North Macedonia, Serbia & Bulgaria run by Hellenic Train & the partner railways SZ (Serbia), MK (North Macedonia) & BDZ (Bulgaria), if and when running.

Help with train times

See train times & routes from Athens

Using a pass on Greek trains

InterCity trains including most Athens -Thessaloniki trains:

Reservation compulsory, it's free. Cannot be done online, just make a reservation at any main station, there are usually places available on most trains even on the day.

Using a pass on international trains

The supplement for a couchette on the Thessaloniki-Belgrade train (if and when running) is around €8.

Using a pass on the ferries to Italy

Eurail & Interrail passes give 'free passage' on Blue Star & Superfast (Attica Group) Bari-Igoumenitsa-Corfu-Patras, Ancona-Igoumenitsa-Corfu-Patras.
You still have to pay port taxes (€7), fuel surcharge (€20 to Bari, €40 to Ancona) & high season supplement, €15 in June or September, €25 in July & August.
2nd class passes give a free 'deck passage' which means a place on the ferry but with no specific seat or berth. You can use the seating in the lounge and there's space under cover on deck to use a sleeping-bag if you have one, many backpackers do this. 1st class passes give free passage with an aircraft-style reclining seat.
You can pay extra for a cabin, this starts at €140+ per cabin for a private room with shower & toilet for up to 4 people. There's no discount on the cabin.
Book the ferry online at www.superfast.com, adding a reclining seat or cabin if you like. Pre-booking is recommended in summer as the route gets busy.
Important tip: To book the ferry with Interrail/Eurail discount, select passenger type Adult (26-59) for all passengers with a railpass, regardless of their actual age, then in the Discount box select Eurail or Interrail global pass. You must select Adult because if you select passenger types Child, Juvenile (under 26) or Senior, the Interrail & Eurail pass options don't appear (and price-wise it doesn't matter as the basic fare is €0 anyway). You will then find that this prevents you from entering the correct birth year for children, youths or seniors, so just enter the right date with the wrong year and complete the booking. Then email the Superfast Help Desk (their email address is at the bottom of the booking pages) with the correct date(s) of birth. This is the booking advice provided by Superfast Help Desk themselves.

Hungary

What's covered?

Eurail & Interrail passes give unlimited travel on MAV = Hungarian State Railways, www.mav-start.hu. That includes all domestic local & mainline trains run by MAV and (if you've a global pass) international trains to or from neighbouring countries run by MAV & the national railways in those countries.
They also cover GySev, a private operator of regional trains in part of Hungary, www.gysev.hu.
Passes also cover private operator Regiojet, who run a handful of Budapest-Vienna-Prague trains in competition with the national operators.

Help with train times

For train times within Hungary, see www.mav-start.hu.

See international train times & routes from Budapest

Using a pass within Hungary

You can travel on local or regional trains without any reservation, just hop on and show your pass when asked.
Reservation is compulsory for domestic journeys on InterCity (IC), EuroCity (EC) & railjet (RJ or RJX) trains, €0.750 to €2.50 fee per seat. This is a normal seat reservation as for any ticket holder.
You can make a seat reservation online without any booking fee using the MAV app or at the MAV website jegy.mav.hu. You do this by clicking Passengers and discounts and adding the discount International pass Global price to each passenger. This gives 100% discount on the fare, leaving just the reservation fee.

Hungary ► Austria

Budapest to Vienna by EuroCity, railjet or express train:
Reservation is optional, you can hop on any train, sit in any empty unreserved seat and show your pass when asked. However, reserving a seat is a good idea, especially in summer or at other busy times.
You can make a seat reservation for around €3 at the Austrian Railways website using Method 2, see the instructions here.
Budapest to Salzburg or Innsbruck by railjet train:
Reservation is optional, you can hop on any train, sit in any empty unreserved seat and show your pass when asked. If you want a reserved seat, you can make a normal seat reservation for around €3 at the Austrian Railways site using Method 2, see the instructions here.
Budapest to Vienna by Regiojet train:
Seat reservation required, €1.3 in Low Cost, €2 in Standard, €2.8 in Relax or (only if you have a 1st class pass) €1.3 in Business.
Regiojet passholder reservations can be made online at www.regiojet.com: Use the journey planner as if buying a normal ticket. When prices appear, look for the Only seat reservations toggle and use it. Select the train you want, then under Type of ticket purchased select Interrail & Eurail. You print out your reservation or can show it in the Regiojet app.
Alternatively, approach staff on the train before departure.

Hungary ► Germany

Budapest to Dresden or Berlin by EuroCity train:
Reservation is optional, you can hop on the train, sit in any empty unreserved seat and show your pass when asked. If you want a reserved seat, you can make a normal seat reservation for around €4.50 at the German Railways website, see the instructions here.

Budapest to Munich by railjet train:
Reservation is optional, you can hop on any train, sit in any empty unreserved seat and show your pass when asked. If you want a reserved seat, you can make a seat reservation for around €3 at the Austrian Railways website using Method 2, see the instructions here.

Budapest to Munich by sleeper train:
Couchette in 6-berth €34, couchette in 4-berth €44, bed in 3-bed sleeper €54, in 2-bed €74, in single-bed €114, all types can be booked with 2nd class pass.
Passholder reservations for sleepers or couchettes can be made at the ÖBB website using Method 1, see the instructions below.

Budapest to Berlin by sleeper train:
Couchette in 6-berth €34, couchette in 4-berth €44, bed in 3-bed sleeper €54, in 2-bed €74, in single-bed €114, all types can be booked with 2nd class pass.
Passholder reservations for sleepers or couchettes can be made at the ÖBB website using Method 1, see the instructions below.

Hungary ► Switzerland

Budapest to Zurich by sleeper train:
Couchette in 6-berth €34, couchette in 4-berth €44, bed in 3-bed sleeper €54, in 2-bed €74, in single-bed €114, all types can be booked with 2nd class pass.
Passholder reservations for sleepers or couchettes can be made at the ÖBB website using Method 1, see the instructions below.

Hungary ► Slovakia & Czechia

Budapest to Bratislava & Prague by EuroCity train:
Reservation is optional, you can hop on any train, sit in any empty unreserved seat and show your pass when asked. However, it's a good idea to reserve a seat especially in summer or at other busy times.
You can reserve a seat for around €3 at the Czech Railways site, see the instructions here.
Budapest to Prague by sleeper train:
€21 for a bed in a 3-berth sleeper, €31 for a bed in a 2-bed sleeper, €72 in a single-bed sleeper, all bookable with a 2nd class pass. More information about the Budapest to Prague sleeper train.
Passholder reservations for Budapest to Prague sleeper berths can be made at the Czech Railways website www.cd.cz, with no added booking fee. Before running the enquiry, click where it says 1 x Adult 26-64 No discount card then click on No discount card , click Interrail and Eurail Pass then select the one you have. You print your own ticket or can show it on your phone.
Budapest to Prague by privately-run Regiojet train:
Seat reservation required, €1.3 in Low Cost, €2 in Standard, €2.8 in Relax or (only if you have a 1st class pass) €1.3 in Business.
Regiojet passholder reservations can be made online at www.regiojet.com: Use the journey planner as if buying a normal ticket. When prices appear, look for the Only seat reservations toggle and use it. Select the train you want, then under Type of ticket purchased select Interrail & Eurail. You print out your reservation or can show it in the Regiojet app. Alternatively, approach staff on the train before departure.

Hungary ► Romania

Budapest to Bucharest & Romania by daytime train:
Seat reservation is optional, if you want a reserved seat it costs €3. Make the reservation at the station, phone an agency, or use the Interrail/Eurail reservation service (hard copy tickets must be posted to you).
Budapest to Bucharest by sleeper train:
Couchette in 6-bunk compartment €13.40, 4-bunk couchette €20, berth in 3-berth sleeper €28, berth in 2-berth sleeper €42. Bed in single-bed sleeper (requires 1st class pass) €98. Make the reservation at the station, phone an agency, or use the Interrail/Eurail reservation service (hard copy tickets must be posted to you).

Hungary ► Poland

Budapest to Krakow or Warsaw by EuroCity train
Seat reservation is compulsory, for around €3. It's just a normal seat reservation as any regular passenger would need.
You can (surprisingly, perhaps) make a seat reservation at the CD (Czech Railways) website, see the instructions here.
Budapest to Krakow or Warsaw by sleeper train:
€17 for a couchette in a 6-bunk couchette, €32 for a bed in a 3-berth sleeper, €44 for a bed in a 2-bed sleeper, €83 in a single-bed sleeper, all bookable with a 2nd class pass.
You can (surprisingly, perhaps) make a seat reservation at the CD (Czech Railways) website, see the instructions here.

Hungary ► Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia

Budapest to Ljubljana, Zagreb, Belgrade on the direct trains:
Seat reservations are optional, you can hop on any train, sit in any empty unreserved seat and show your pass when asked.

Ireland

What's covered?

Eurail & Interrail passes give unlimited travel on IE = Iarnrod Eireann, Irish republic railways, www.irishrail.ie.
Passes cover Translink trains in Northern Ireland and the cross-border Enterprise trains between Dublin & Belfast.

Other pass benefits

30% discount on Stena Line (www.stenaline.co.uk) Ireland-UK ferries (Dublin-Holyhead, Rosslare-Fishguard, Belfast-Cairnryan)
30% discount on Irish Ferries (www.irishferries.com) Ireland-UK & Ireland-France ferries (Dublin-Holyhead, Rosslare to Cherbourg & Roscoff, Rosslare to Pembroke). You cannot book online with this discount, but call them and it can be done over the phone or at the port.

Using a pass on Irish trains

Seat reservation is not necessary on any Irish train, you can just hop on and show your pass when asked. For train times see www.irishrail.ie.

Using a pass on international trains

Seat reservation is optional on the Dublin-Belfast Enterprise trains. If you want a reserved seat, do this at any Irish station when you get there.

Italy

What's covered?

Eurail & Interrail passes give unlimited travel on Trenitalia = Italian State Railways, www.trenitalia.com.

That includes all domestic local & mainline trains run by Trenitalia and (if you've a global pass) most international trains to or from neighbouring countries run by Trenitalia & its partner railways in those countries. It also includes trains between Fiumicino airport and Rome.
Passes give unlimited travel on the Milan-Turin-Paris TGVs run by SNCF French Railways, for a fee.
Passes give unlimited travel on Trenord, a consortium of Trenitalia & LeNord which runs regional trains north of Milan including Milan-Tirano, www.trenord.it. However, Lecco-Piona trains and Milan-Malpensa airport Trenord trains aren't covered.

What's not covered?

Eurail & Interrail passes don't cover Italo high-speed trains run by private operator NTV Turin/Milan/Venice-Florence-Rome-Naples in competition with Trenitalia.
Eurail & Interrail passes don't cover Trenitalia's international Frecciarossa train between Paris, Lyon, Turin & Milan, because when in France it's run by Trenitalia France which not a signatory to the Interrail/Eurail scheme, even though it's subsidiary of Trenitalia. However, passes cover the competing French Railways TGV which operates on the same Paris-Turin-Milan route, reservation required.
Eurail & Interrail passes also don't cover:

The Circumvesuviana Railway Naples-Pompeii-Sorrento, but this costs only a few euros anyway.

Trains run by SAD between Fortezza and San Candido (connecting for Lienz & Austria).

Trains between Malpensa airport and Milan.

Trains run by Ferrovia Circumetnea in the mount Etna area.

Trains run by Ferrovie del Sud Est (FSE) in the Bari & Lecce area, even though it's now a Trenitalia subsidiary.

Help with train times

For train times within Italy use www.trenitalia.com.

See international train times & routes from Rome

See international train times & routes from Florence

See international train times & routes from Venice

See international train times & routes from Milan

See international train times & routes from Naples

See international train times & routes from Pisa

See international train times & routes from Cinque Terre

Using a pass within Italy

Frecciarossa, Frecciargento, Frecciabianca

A €13 passholder reservation fee applies to all Frecciarossa, Frecciargento & Frecciabianca trains linking Milan, Florence, Rome, Naples, Venice, Verona, Turin. It's per trip, so two connecting trains = 2 x €13.
InterCity (IC) trains

A €3 passholder reservation fee applies.
Intercity Notte (ICN) sleeper trains

With any class of pass (1st or 2nd), a couchette in 4-berth costs €41, bed in 3-bed sleeper €48, bed in 2-bed double sleeper €58, single bed sleeper €122. All per person per bed. Passes cannot be used in Excelsior sleepers, only in the regular sleepers branded Deluxe.

Tip: Before booking a couchette or sleeper in Italy with your pass, first check point-to-point sleeper fares at www.trenitalia.com. For example, I've just booked a sleeper from Palermo to Naples in 6 weeks time for €87 (limited-availability super-economy fare with single-bed sleeper included), which is cheaper than paying the €122 passholder reservation fee for a single sleeper. Even if you had already bought a pass, it would be cheaper not to use it! But as Italian fares are dynamic, it depends what fares you see on your date.

Regional trains

Reservations are not required and not even possible on regional trains (Regionale & Regionale Veloce, marked R & RV). You simply get on, sit in any empty seat and show your pass when asked.
How to make passholder reservations for trains within Italy

You cannot make passholder reservations at Trenitalia.com. So choose from one of these alternative methods:

Option 1, using Italiarail

Go to partners.italiarail.com/default?force_pass=true and use the journey planner. You will see passholder prices in the search results.

It can book daytime trains, couchettes & sleepers, although for some reason it won't book single-bed sleeper (so see option 4 for those).

They charge the official reservation fee plus a €1 booking fee per reservation.

This is my preferred method for reserving Italian trains, simply because Italiarail show you your seat numbers before you pay.

So when booking a 1st/business class seat on a Frecciarossa for example, you can see whether you're getting a seat number ending in A, B or D, where A and B are two-abreast seats on one side of the aisle, D is a solo seat on the other side which is both aisle and window. When travelling solo, I naturally want a seat ending in D!

You can compare the seats it proposes with the relevant seating plan here, and re-run the enquiry until you get seats you like. Not exactly state-of-the-art seat selection, but better than the other methods listed below which don't show you seat numbers until after you pay.

Tip: If it won't accept a mobile pass number, simply generate a old-school pass cover number from your mobile pass number using this special page: www.eurail.com/en/book-reservations#/generatePassCoverNumber.

Option 2, using ÖBB

Strange as it may seem, the cheapest place to make passholder reservations online for Italian daytime trains is at the Austrian Railways website www.oebb.at because they charge no booking fee at all, just the cost of the reservation. It works for Italian high-speed & InterCity trains, but not for sleepers or couchettes on night trains. There is no seat choice, seats are assigned.

Go to Austrian Railways www.oebb.at and set up an enquiry for the Italian journey you want, for example from Rome to Florence.

Where it says 1 x adult, click change.

Now click Add discount and run a search for Interrail or Eurail. Select Interrail / Eurail - Globalpass and confirm.

Now run the enquiry, clicking the Find services button then the One-way tickets and day tickets link.

You should see €13 passholder reservations on high-speed trains and €3 reservations on Intercity trains.

If it says Ticket not available, you may have used the Reservation only no ticket link to run the enquiry, you must use the One-way tickets and day tickets link.

Go ahead and buy! You print out your reservation. Do let me know if this method stops working.

Option 3, using the Eurail/Interrail reservations service

You can make passholder reservations for Italian high-speed & InterCity trains online using the Eurail/Interrail reservations service, the reservation is e-ticketed and emailed to you in minutes. There's a €2 booking fee in addition to the cost of the reservation. There is no seat choice, seats are assigned.

The Eurail/Interrail reservations service can also make reservations for sleepers & couchettes on InterCity Notte trains, but there's a problem. If you have a 2nd class pass it only offers couchettes, even though you're entitled to book single or double sleepers with a 2nd class pass. So if you have a 2nd class pass and want to book a single or double sleeper, use option 3 below.

Option 4, to book couchettes or sleepers

To book couchettes or sleepers on InterCity Notte trains, email andy@railtravelcentre.com, the same expert that runs www.discoverbyrail.com. He can arrange passholder bookings for Italian sleeper trains including single or double sleepers whatever class of pass you have. Tickets can be posted to you or he can email the booking reference which is in fact all you need.

Option 5, book at stations

You can make passholder reservations at stations of course, but you'll need to use the staffed counter, not the self-service machines.

Italy ► Switzerland

Venice, Genoa or Milan to Geneva, Zurich, Basel, Bern, Luzern etc. by EuroCity train:

A passholder reservation fee applies, €11 in 2nd class, €13 in 1st class.

Option 1, strange as it may seem, you can make passholder reservations for these Italy-Switzerland EuroCity trains at the Austrian Railways website www.oebb.at.

This is the cheapest option because you pay no booking fee, just the reservation fee.

Go to Austrian Railways www.oebb.at and set up an enquiry for the Italian journey you want, for example from Milan to Zurich or Geneva.

Where it says 1 x adult, click change.

Now click Add discount and run a search for Interrail or Eurail. Select Interrail / Eurail - Globalpass and confirm.

Now run the enquiry, clicking the Find services button then the One-way tickets and day tickets link.

You should see €11/€13 passholder reservations the direct EC trains.

If it says Ticket not available, you may have used the Reservation only no ticket link to run the enquiry, you must use the One-way tickets and day tickets link.

Go ahead and buy! You print out your reservation. Do let me know if this method stops working.

Option 2, you can also make passholder reservations online using the Eurail/Interrail reservations service, the reservation is e-ticketed and emailed to you in minutes.
Milan or Varenna to Tirano, St Moritz, Chur & Zurich via the amazingly scenic Bernina route:

No reservation is needed on the two-hourly Italian regional trains from Milan Centrale to Tirano, just hop on and show your pass. No reservation needed on the hourly Swiss local trains from Tirano to St Moritz or on the connecting Swiss trains to Chur & Zurich. Only if you choose to use the special Tirano-Chur Bernina Express panoramic tourist train is a seat reservation compulsory, this can be made online as shown here.

Italy ► Paris, Nice, France

Milan or Turin to Paris by TGV:
A passholder reservation fee must be paid, a hefty €31 in 2nd class, €45 in 1st class. You can make passholder reservations online using the Eurail/Interrail reservations service, the reservation is e-ticketed and emailed to you in minutes.
Passholder places are quota-controlled, so can run out even if the train has plenty of seats left. If booking well in advance it may be cheaper to buy a normal ticket, as these start at just €29 2nd class, €46 in 1st class including reservation if you pre-book at www.raileurope.com or www.thetrainline.com.
Milan or Turin to Paris by Frecciarossa:
Passes aren't currently valid on Trenitalia's Milan-Paris Frecciarossas, because when in France they are run by Trenitalia France which is not a signatory to the Interrail & Eurail schemes, even though it is a subsidiary of Trenitalia. But advance-purchase fares for the Frecciarossa can be cheaper than the TGV passholder fee, so check normal prices using www.italiarail.com, www.raileurope.com or www.thetrainline.com.
Italy to Monaco, Nice & Cannes via Ventimiglia:
The direct Milan-Genoa-Nice Thello trains were discontinued in July 2021, but you can still travel between Italy & Nice using Italian domestic trains to Ventimiglia on the French border, then French domestic TER local trains from Ventimiglia to Monte Carlo, Nice & Cannes, see the Nice to Italy by train page. Normal reservation arrangements & fees apply to Trenitalia's Intercity & Frecciabianca trains from Milan & Genoa to Ventimiglia, see the Italy national trains section below. No reservation is needed for the French TER trains from Ventimiglia to Nice, nor if you use an Italian regional train from Genoa to Ventimiglia.

Italy ► Austria & Germany

Venice, Bologna, Verona to Innsbruck & Munich by EuroCity train (Brenner route):
There is a passholder surcharge for travel on these Brenner Pass EuroCity trains, €10 in 2nd class or €15 in 1st class, a reserved seat is optional for an extra €3 or so per seat.
You can board the train without a reservation, sit in any empty unreserved seat and pay the surcharge on board when the conductor comes round, or you can make a seat reservation & pay the surcharge at the Austrian Railways website using Method 1, see the instructions below.
Venice to Villach & Vienna by railjet train:
There is a passholder surcharge for travel on these Venice-Vienna railjet trains, €10 in 2nd class or €15 in 1st class, a reserved seat is optional for an extra €3 per seat.
You can board the train without a reservation, sit in any empty unreserved seat and pay the surcharge on board when the conductor comes round, or you can make a seat reservation & pay the surcharge at the Austrian Railways website using Method 1, see the instructions below.
Milan to Frankfurt by direct EuroCity train:
Reservation compulsory for journeys from Italy, a passholder reservation is €11 in 2nd class, €13 in 1st class for passholders. You can make passholder reservations online using the Eurail/Interrail reservations service, the reservation is e-ticketed and emailed to you in minutes.
Trieste to Vienna by EuroCity train (via Slovenia):
There is a small passholder surcharge for travel on the part within Italy, €2.60.
You can board the train without a reservation, sit in any empty unreserved seat and pay the surcharge on board when the conductor comes round, or you can make a seat reservation & pay the surcharge at the Austrian Railways website using Method 1, see the instructions below.
Rome, Florence, Milan or Venice to Munich, Salzburg or Vienna by Nightjet sleeper train:
Seat €13.50, couchette in 6-berth €32.80, couchette in 4-berth €42.40, bed in 3-berth sleeper €52, bed in 2-berth sleeper €71.30, bed in single-berth sleeper €119.50, berth in 3-berth deluxe sleeper €71.30, berth in 2-berth deluxe sleeper €90.60, berth in single-berth deluxe sleeper €138.80. Only a 2nd class ticket or pass is needed for all Nightjet accommodation types, as from 2017. Exact prices may vary slightly.

Passholder reservations for nightjet sleeper trains can be made online at the ÖBB website using Method 1, see the instructions below.

Italy ► Greece by ferry

Eurail & Interrail passes give 'free passage' on Blue Star & Superfast (Attica Group) Bari-Igoumenitsa-Corfu-Patras, Ancona-Igoumenitsa-Corfu-Patras.
You still have to pay port taxes (€7), fuel surcharge (€20 from Bari, €40 from Ancona) & high season supplement, €15 in June or September, €25 in July & August.
2nd class passes give a free 'deck passage' which means a place on the ferry but with no specific seat or berth. You can use the seating in the lounge and there's space under cover on deck to use a sleeping-bag if you have one, many backpackers do this. 1st class passes give free passage with an aircraft-style reclining seat.
You can pay extra for a cabin, this starts at €140+ per cabin for a private room with shower & toilet for up to 4 people. There's no discount on the cabin.
Book the ferry online at www.superfast.com, adding a reclining seat or cabin if you like. Pre-booking is recommended in summer as the route gets busy.
Important tip: To book the ferry with Interrail/Eurail discount, select passenger type Adult (26-59) for all passengers with a railpass, regardless of their actual age, then in the Discount box select Eurail or Interrail global pass. You must select Adult because if you select passenger types Child, Juvenile (under 26) or Senior, the Interrail & Eurail pass options don't appear (and price-wise it doesn't matter as the basic fare is €0 anyway). You will then find that this prevents you from entering the correct birth year for children, youths or seniors, so just enter the right date with the wrong year and complete the booking. Then email the Superfast Help Desk (their email address is at the bottom of the booking pages) with the correct date(s) of birth. This is the booking advice provided by Superfast Help Desk themselves.

Latvia

What's covered?

Eurail & Interrail passes give unlimited travel on all trains run by Latvian railways, www.pv.lv.

Other pass benefits

Special fares on Tallink-Silja Line ferries Stockholm-Riga.

Help with train times

For trains within Latvia, see www.pv.lv.

See international train & ferry times & routes from Riga.

Using a pass on national trains

Reservations aren't needed, just hop on and show your pass. But prices are incredibly cheap, don't buy a pass for Latvia before checking normal train fares.

Lithuania

What's covered?

Eurail & Interrail passes give unlimited travel on LG = Lithuanian Railways, ltglink.lt.

Help with train times

See international train times & routes from Vilnius

Using a pass on national trains

Reservations aren't needed, just hop on and show your pass. But prices are incredibly cheap, don't buy a pass for Lithuania before checking normal train fares.

Using a pass on international trains

Not valid on trains to Belarus or Russia.
Good for the train from Kaunas to Bialystok in Poland.

Luxembourg

What's covered?

Eurail & Interrail passes give unlimited travel on CFL = Luxembourg State Railways, www.cfl.lu.

That includes all domestic local & mainline trains run by CFL and (if you've a global pass) international trains to or from neighbouring countries run by CFL & the partner railways in those countries, including for example the French Railways TGVs to Paris, the regular Intercity trains to Brussels, regional trains to Strasbourg & Germany.

Other pass benefits

A Eurail or Interrail pass gives free travel on buses run by CFL.

Help with train times

See international train times & routes from Luxembourg

Using a pass on national trains

Reservation is neither necessary nor possible on Luxembourg domestic trains, just hop on and sit in any empty seat.

Using a pass on international trains

To Brussels or Amsterdam by intercity (IC) or regional trains: Reservation neither necessary nor possible, hop on, sit in any empty seat and show your pass when asked.
To Paris by TGV: Reservation is compulsory, €10 in either class. Make this using the Interrail/Eurail reservation service. The reservation is emailed to you.
To Trier, Koblenz & Germany by regional train: Reservation is neither necessary nor possible, hop on, sit in any empty seat and show your pass when asked.

Montenegro

What's covered?

Eurail & Interrail passes give unlimited travel on all trains run by ZCG (Railways of Montenegro, www.zcg-prevoz.me).

That includes all domestic local & mainline trains run by ZCG and (if you've a global pass) international trains to or from Serbia run by ZCG & partner SZ (Serbian Railways).

Using a pass on national & international trains

A small supplement must be paid on domestic express trains including the international trains to & from Belgrade, but not on purely local trains.
Bar or Podgorica to Belgrade by sleeper train:
Couchette supplement €6 in a 6-berth or €14 in a 4-berth. Sleeper supplement €15 for a bed in a 3-bed sleeper, €20 for a bed in a 2-bed sleeper, €40 for a single-bed sleeper, all bookable with 2nd class pass. Reservations cannot be made online, make them at the station.

Netherlands

What's covered?

Eurail & Interrail passes give unlimited travel on NS = Nederlandse Spoorwegen = Dutch national railways, www.ns.nl.

That includes all domestic local & mainline trains run by NS and (if you've a global pass) international trains to or from neighbouring countries run by NS & its partner railways, including Thalys to Brussels & Paris, the hourly InterCity trains to Brussels run in conjunction with SNCB (Belgian Railways), and the DB (German Railways) trains to Germany.
A pass gives free travel on the following private local train operators who now run trains on lines that were part of the NS network: Arriva (Blauwnet), Connexxion (Breng), Keolis (Blauwnet), Qbuzz (R-Net) and (on cross-border routes to/from Germany) DB Regio & Keolis Deutschland (EuroBahn).
Passes do not cover the RET metro between Hoek van Holland, Schiedam & Rotterdam, so buy a normal metro ticket for around €4.
Tip: Making European seat reservations at stations when in the Netherlands. NS International (Dutch Railways international sales division) charge a fee for making seat reservations at their staffed sales centres at Amsterdam Centraal, Rotterdam, Utrecht, Arnhem etc., in addition to the cost of the reservation: €1.50 per reservation to Belgium or Germany, a whopping €7.50 for reservations to or within all other countries. So make reservations online if you can, or wait until you can get to a ticket office in Germany to make future reservations for other European routes.

Help with train times

For train times within the Netherlands use www.ns.nl.

See international train times & routes from Amsterdam

Using a pass within the Netherlands

Using a railpass within the Netherlands is easy, as reservation is not necessary or even possible on Dutch domestic trains. You can simply hop on any train, find an empty seat and show your pass when asked. That goes for the German InterCity & ICE trains too.
If you have a Eurail or Interrail pass, there is a small €2.70 supplement to pay to make Dutch domestic journeys on the Intercity Direct (ICD) trains between Amsterdam or Schiphol & Rotterdam via the high-speed line. You can pay this at the station (it's sold by ticket machines or the ticket office) or online at Dutch Railways website www.ns.nl.

You can avoid this fee if you use slower trains via the original (non-high-speed) line through Den Haag.
You should avoid making Dutch domestic journeys such as Amsterdam to Rotterdam on the international high-speed Thalys trains, as a reservation is required and a hefty fee payable by passholders. Simply use the alternative Dutch InterCity trains instead!

Netherlands ► Great Britain

Eurostar from Amsterdam & Rotterdam to London:
Eurail & Interrail passes cover Eurostar to London on payment of a passholder reservation fare of €35 in standard class if you have a 2nd class pass or €43 in standard premier if you have a 1st class pass.
You can make Eurostar passholder reservations online as explained here.

Netherlands ► Paris & France

Amsterdam & Rotterdam to Paris by high-speed Thalys train:

Reservation is compulsory, passholder fee €30 in both classes.

You can make passholder reservations at either b-europe.com as explained here or using the official Eurail/Interrail reservations service. Passholder places on Thalys are limited by a quota which can sell out even if the train isn't full, so book sooner rather than later!

Netherlands ► Brussels & Belgium

Amsterdam or Rotterdam to Antwerp or Brussels by Thalys high-speed train:

Reservation is compulsory, passholder fee €20 in either class.

You can make passholder reservations for Thalys at b-europe.com as explained here or using the official Eurail/Interrail reservations service. Passholder places are limited by a quota which can sell out even if the train isn't full - so book early! You can avoid the need for a reservation by using the slower InterCity trains instead.
Amsterdam or Rotterdam to Antwerp or Brussels by hourly InterCity trains:

These take 3 hours rather than 2, but reservation on these Intercity (IC or ICD) trains is neither necessary nor possible. Just get on, sit in any empty seat and show your pass when asked. You can check times at www.b-europe.com (Tip: Select Direct trains only and look for trains marked IC).

Incidentally, there is definitely no need to pay the Dutch €2.70 high-speed Intercity Direct supplement when making an international journey from Amsterdam to Belgium on these IC Direct trains, whatever the Railplanner app may say. The €2.70 supplement definitely only applies when making a Dutch domestic journey such as from Amsterdam to Rotterdam or Breda.

Netherlands ► Berlin, Cologne & Germany

Amsterdam to Osnabruck, Hanover & Berlin by Intercity (IC) train:

Seat reservation is optional, you can just hop on, sit in any empty unreserved seat & show your pass when asked. If you want to reserve seat, you can make a normal seat reservation for around €5 using the German Railways website, as explained here.
Amsterdam or Utrecht to Duisburg, Dusseldorf, Cologne & Frankfurt by ICE train:

Reservation is usually optional, you can normally just hop on, sit in any empty unreserved seat & show your pass when asked. However, these trains often get busy, so making a seat reservation is a good idea. You can make a normal seat reservation for around €5 using the German Railways website, as explained here.

Important: From 17 June to 18 August 2023 reservation is compulsory for cross-border journeys on these Amsterdam-Cologne-Frankfurt ICE trains. First try making a reservation using the German Railways website, as explained here, but it seems they have disabled the ability to make reservation-only bookings on these ICEs during this period. If all else fails, phone NS Customer Support to make your reservation, on +31 30 23 000 23.
Amsterdam to Munich by Nightjet sleeper train:
Seat €14, couchette in 6-berth €34, couchette in 4-berth €44, bed in 3-berth sleeper €74, bed in 2-berth sleeper €94, bed in single-berth sleeper €144, berth in 2-berth deluxe sleeper €114, berth in single-berth deluxe sleeper €154. Only a 2nd class ticket or pass is needed for all Nightjet accommodation types, as from 2017.
Passholder reservations for nightjet sleeper trains can be made online at the ÖBB website using Method 1, see the instructions below.
Amsterdam or Rotterdam to Berlin by European Sleeper overnight train:
Covered by Interrail or Eurail as from 1 July 2023. €9 for a seat, €39 for a couchette in 6-berth, €59 for a couchette in 4-berth, €79 for a bed in a 3-bed sleeper, €119 for a bed in a 2-bed sleeper or €149 for a bed in a single sleeper. These prices apply whether your pass is 1st or 2nd class, it doesn't matter.

You can buy passholder reservations online at www.europeansleeper.eu, select 'Interrail / Eurail' instead of 'adult' when booking.

Netherlands ► Austria

Amsterdam to Vienna by Nightjet sleeper train:
Seat €13.70, couchette in 6-berth €33.20, couchette in 4-berth €43, bed in 3-berth sleeper €72.30, bed in 2-berth sleeper €91.90, bed in single-berth sleeper €140.80, berth in 3-berth deluxe sleeper €91.90, berth in 2-berth deluxe sleeper €111.40, berth in single-berth deluxe sleeper €160.30. Only a 2nd class ticket or pass is needed for all Nightjet accommodation types, as from 2017.
Passholder reservations for nightjet sleeper trains can be made online at the ÖBB website using Method 1, see the instructions below.

Netherlands ► Switzerland

Amsterdam to Basel or Zurich by Nightjet sleeper train:
Couchette in 6-berth €34, couchette in 4-berth €44, bed in 3-berth sleeper €74, bed in 2-berth sleeper €94, bed in single-berth sleeper €144, berth in 2-berth deluxe sleeper €114, berth in single-berth deluxe sleeper €154. Only a 2nd class ticket or pass is needed for all Nightjet accommodation types, as from 2017.

Passholder reservations for nightjet sleeper trains can be made online at the ÖBB website using Method 1, see the instructions below.
You can reserve a seat in the Intercity cars attached to this overnight train for around €5 using the German Railways website, see instructions here. However, a seat is a false economy, always pay for a couchette or sleeper unless they are fully-booked.

Amsterdam to Basel by ICE:
Seat reservation is normally optional on the direct morning ICE train from Amsterdam to Basel. You can just hop on, sit in any empty unreserved seat & show your pass when asked. However, the train can get busy and reserving a seat is a good idea. You can make a normal seat reservation for around €5 using the German Railways website, as explained here.

Important: From 17 June to 18 August 2023 reservation is compulsory for cross-border journeys on these Amsterdam-Cologne-Frankfurt ICE trains. Try making a reservation using the German Railways website, as explained here. However, it seems they have disabled the ability to make reservation-only bookings on these ICEs during this period. If so, phone NS Customer Support to make your reservation, on +31 30 23 000 23.

North Macedonia

What's covered?

Eurail & Interrail passes give unlimited travel on MK = Macedonian Railways mzt.mk.

That includes all domestic local & mainline trains run by MK and (if you've a global pass) international trains to or from Greece & Serbia run by MK, OSE (Greece) and SZ (Serbia).
At the time I write this all trains linking Greece, Skopje & Serbia are suspended.

Norway

What's covered?

Eurail & Interrail passes give unlimited travel on mainline trains operated by the 3 national operators www.vy.no, go-aheadnordic.no & www.sj.no.

That includes all domestic local & mainline trains and (if you've a global pass) international trains to or from Sweden run by Vy or SJ (Swedish railways).

Other pass benefits

50% discount on many regional bus services
30% discount on the Flåm Railway.

Help with train times

For train times within Norway use www.vy.no or www.entur.no.

See international train times & routes from Oslo

Using a pass on Norwegian trains

Reservation is now compulsory on Norwegian long-distance trains with all 3 operators.
2nd class passholders must pay NOK 50 (around €5) per reservation on each train. You can upgrade to Komfort (1st) class for 200-300 NOK, the upgrade cost varies between operators.
1st class passholders can get seat reservations free of charge for travel in Komfort (1st) class.
Sleeper trains: Around NOK 1000 (€97) for a private sleeper with 1 or 2 beds, per compartment. Book early, sleepers are in high demand.
To make passholder reservations for Norway online:

Go to entur.no. This can reserve seats and even sleepers on Norwegian domestic trains on all 3 major train operators.

Click on the Travellers and add ons panel, reduce the number of adults to 0 and increase the number Interrail/Eurail seat reservations to 1. Remember to say whether your pass is 1st class or 2nd class.

It'll only sell reservations for one person at a time (if you select 2 people it'll tell you to phone their customer services) but as it'll usually let you select your seat from a seat map, simply book one person at a time and select adjacent seats using the seat map.
Alternatively, you can also make passholder reservations:

- at a station in Norway with staffed ticket counter (Oslo Sentral, Oslo Airport, Stavanger, Bergen and Trondheim)

- by phone to Vy on +47 61 27 90 88 or +47 61 05 19 10 (no booking fee, the reservation is emailed to you);

- for any Norwegian train, using the chat function on www.entur.no. The reservation is emailed to you.

- on trains run by Vy, by using the chat function at bottom right on the Vy website, www.vy.no. The reservation is emailed to you. If you need to pay for it, they'll email you a payment link.

Using a pass on international trains

Oslo to Stockholm by Intercity train:
Reservation compulsory, €6.60 in 2nd class, €16 in 1st class. You can make passholder reservations online at the Swedish Railways site www.sj.se following the instructions below. You can also make passholder reservations online using the Eurail/Interrail reservations service,
Oslo to Gothenburg by Norwegian train:
Reservation optional, €5.40 if you want a reserved seat. If you have a 1st class pass you can get a reserved seat in NSB Komfort (= 1st class) for free if you make the reservation an any Norwegian station.

Poland

What's covered?

Eurail & Interrail passes give unlimited travel on PKP InterCity = Polish Railways long distance division, www.intercity.pl.

That includes all domestic local & mainline trains run by PKP InterCity and (if you've a global pass) international trains to or from neighbouring countries run by PKP InterCity & its partner railways in those countries.
Passes also give unlimited travel on:

PKP Przewozy Regionalne = Polish Railways regional trains, rozklad-pkp.pl/bin/query.exe/en.

Koleje Dolnośląskie = some local trains around Wroclaw in lower Silesia.

Szybka Kolej Miejska (SKM) = some regional trains around Gdynia.
Interrail passes are not valid on:

Kulturzug regional train Berlin-Wroclaw.

Koleje Mazowieckie = some local trains around Warsaw.

Koleje Śląskie = some local trains in Silesia.

Koleje Wielkopolskie = some local trains around Poznan.

Arriva = a few privatised regional trains around Bydgoszcz/Torun/Gdansk.

International trains to Ukraine and (when running) Belarus & Russia.

Help with train times

For train times within Poland use www.intercity.pl.

See international train times & routes from Warsaw

See international train times & routes from Krakow

Using a pass within Poland

No reservation is necessary or possible for local or regional trains, just get on and show your pass when asked.
EIP (Express InterCity Premium)

These are operated by fast pendolino trains, reservation compulsory, €10 supplement + 1 zloty reservation if made at a station in Poland, €10 supplement + €0.25 reservation if made online, or €10 supplement + €3.50 reservation if made outside Poland.
EIC (Express InterCity), IC (InterCity), TLK (Twoje Linie Kolejowe), EC (EuroCity)

Reservation compulsory, 1 zloty if made at a station in Poland, €0.25 if made online, €3.50 if made at a station outside Poland.

In fact, a few IC & TLK trains are not reservation compulsory, but it's hard to identify these. As a seat reservation is recommended in any case and only €0.25 booked online or free at the station, it's best to treat all PKP Intercity trains as compulsory reservation. However, if you want to see if a particular train can in fact be used without a reservation, go to portalpasazera.pl/en, run an enquiry, find the train in question, click Connection details, then click the 'i' symbol below the departure station to bring up train facilities. In the list of facilities it will either say obligatory reservation or seat booking. If it says seat booking reservation is optional, not compulsory.
Sleeper trains within Poland

Couchette in 6-berth compartment €14, couchette in 4-berth compartment €16, bed in 3-bed sleeper €18.50, bed in 2-bed sleeper €37, single-bed sleeper €70, all fine with 2nd class pass.
How to make seat reservations online

You can reserve seats online for trains wholly within Poland using the PKP Intercity website intercity.pl, following the instructions here.

Booking opens 30 days ahead, you can't book before then! It cannot reserve couchettes or sleepers, or reserve seats on international trains, but it will usually happily make passholder reservations for Polish domestic journeys.

Made online, a seat reservation costs 1 zloty (€0.25) on a EIC, IC or TLK train or 43 zlotys (€10) on an EIP train, with no booking fee. On an EIP train, you can choose your seat from a seat map if you reserve this way.
How to make sleeper reservations online

Polish domestic sleeper reservations can't be made at the Polish Railways website, but (surprisingly) can be made at the Czech Railways website www.cd.cz, at least on a good day. Go to www.cd.cz and run an enquiry as if buying a ticket, locate the train you want in the search results, click on the down arrow in the green Purchase a ticket button and select Purchase reservations only. Change seat to sleeper, and if you're lucky it'll book it. Remember that Polish domestic reservations only open 30 days ahead!

Poland ► Berlin & Germany

Warsaw, Poznan, Gdynia, Gdansk, Krakow or Wroclaw to Berlin by EuroCity train:

Reservation compulsory, fee €4 in either class.

You can make passholder reservations online using the Eurail/Interrail reservations service, but in this case the reservation cannot be e-ticketed, it has to be sent to you at extra cost, so it's €4 + €2 booking fee + €9 postage fee. You can also try asking www.polrail.com to book it for you with ticket collection in Warsaw or Krakow. Or simply make a reservation at the station, there are usually places available.

Poland ► Vienna & Austria

Warsaw or Krakow to Vienna by EuroCity train:

Reservation is compulsory, seat reservation fee €3. This is just a normal seat reservation like any other passenger with a pre-existing ticket would make, you can make a reservation online at the ÖBB website for €3 using Method 2, see the instructions here.
Warsaw or Krakow to Vienna by EuroNight sleeper train:
€29 for a couchette in 6-berth, €39 for a couchette in 4-berth, €44 for a bed in a 3-bed sleeper, €59 for a bed in a 2-bed sleeper, €119 for a bed in a single-bed sleeper, €79 for a bed in a 2-bed sleeper with shower & toilet, €139 for a bed in a single-bed sleeper with shower & toilet (all fine with 2nd class pass).

You can make a passholder reservation online at the ÖBB website using Method 1, see the instructions here.

Poland ► Prague & Czechia

Warsaw or Krakow to Prague by EuroCity train:

Reservation is compulsory, but you only need a normal seat reservation for around €3.
You can reserve a seat online at the CD (Czech Railways) website, see the instructions here.
Warsaw or Krakow to Prague by EuroNight sleeper train:
€13.40 per person in 6-bunk couchette, €?? in 4-bunk couchette, bed in 3-bed sleeper €20, bed in 2-bed sleeper €30, bed in single-bed sleeper €70, bed in 2-bed sleeper with shower & toilet €??, bed in single-bed sleeper with shower & toilet €80.

Passholder reservations for the Warsaw/Krakow to Prague sleeper train can be made online at the Czech Railways website www.cd.cz, with no added booking fee. Before running the enquiry, click where it says 1 x Adult 26-64 No discount card then click on No discount card , click Interrail and Eurail Pass then select the one you have. You print your own ticket or can show it on your phone.

Krakow to Prague by private operator Leo Express, see timetable here:
2nd class passes entitle you to free travel in economy class, 1st class passes in standard plus or business class. Reservation is required, but it's free of charge, you can make passholder reservations in person at their Prague or Ostrava offices or online at leoexpress.com following the advice here. Upgrade to Premium class is not possible.

Poland ► Bratislava or Budapest

Warsaw or Krakow to Bratislava or Budapest by EuroCity train:

Reservation is compulsory, but you only need a normal seat reservation for around €3.
You can (surprisingly) reserve a seat online at the CD (Czech Railways) website, see the instructions here.
Warsaw or Krakow to Bratislava or Budapest by EuroNight sleeper train:
€17 for a couchette in a 6-bunk couchette, €32 for a bed in a 3-berth sleeper, €44 for a bed in a 2-bed sleeper, €83 in a single-bed sleeper, €55 for a bed in a 2-bed sleeper with shower & toilet, €93 in a single-bed sleeper with shower & toilet, all bookable with a 2nd class pass. This cannot be booked online, ask www.polrail.com to do it for you with ticket collection in Warsaw or Krakow, or use the Eurail/Interrail reservations service (a hard copy ticket must be posted to you at extra cost).

Portugal

What's covered?

Eurail & Interrail passes give unlimited travel on CP = Portuguese national railways, www.cp.pt.

That includes all domestic local & mainline trains run by CP and (if you've a global pass) international trains to or from Spain and the French border run by CP & its partner Renfe (Spanish railways).

Help with train times

For train times within Portugal see www.cp.pt.

See international train times & routes from Lisbon

See international train times & routes from Porto

See international train times & routes from Faro & the Algarve

Using a pass on Portuguese trains

Seat reservation is neither necessary nor possible on local, regional or InterRegional trains. Just get on the train, sit where you like, and show your pass when asked.
InterCity trains, for example Lisbon-Faro: Reservation required, €5.
Alfa Pendular fast tilting trains, for example Lisbon-Porto: Reservation required, €5.
Reservations for Portuguese trains can't be made from outside Portugal, so just make them at any main station when you get there, there are almost always places available.

Using a pass on international trains

Lisbon to Madrid: See here for Lisbon-Madrid timetable & journey details, then see here for reservation requirements & how to book.
Porto-Vigo by express regional train: You must ask for a seat reservation at the station before boarding, free of charge.

Romania

What's covered?

Eurail & Interrail passes give unlimited travel on CFR = Romanian National Railways, www.cfrcalatori.ro.

That includes all domestic local & mainline trains run by CFR and (if you've a global pass) international trains to or from neighbouring countries jointly run by CFR & the national railways in those countries.

Help with train times

See international train times & routes from Bucharest

Using a pass on Romanian trains

InterCity (IC) & InterRegio (IR) trains: Seat reservation is compulsory, costing around €1. This is just a normal seat reservation as for any ticket holder. Make reservations at the station, reservations cannot be made online.

Using a pass on international trains

Bucharest or Brasov to Budapest by daytime train:
Seat reservation is compulsory, it costs around €3, this is a normal seat reservation as for any ticket holder. Reservations cannot be made online, make this at the station for example the international ticket office in Bucharest.
Bucharest or Brasov to Budapest by sleeper train:
Reservation required, couchette in 6-bunk compartment €13.40, couchette in 4-bunk couchette €20, berth in 3-berth sleeper €28, berth in 2-berth sleeper €42. Bed in single-bed sleeper (requires a 1st class pass) €98.
You can make Bucharest-Budapest passholder reservations for sleepers or couchettes using the Eurail/Interrail reservations service, but in this case the reservation cannot be e-ticketed, it has to be posted to you at extra cost.
However, you can make a Bucharest-Budapest sleeper or couchette reservation on the Dacia Express (but not other trains) at the ÖBB (Austrian Railways) website using Method 1, see the instructions below and in this case you can print out the reservation.
Bucharest, Brasov or Sighisoara to Vienna by sleeper train Dacia Express:
Reservation required, couchette in 6-bunk compartment €13.40, couchette in 4-bunk couchette €20, berth in 3-berth sleeper €28, berth in 2-berth sleeper €42. Bed in single-bed sleeper (requires 1st class pass) €98.
You can make passholder reservations for sleepers & couchettes on the Dacia Express at the ÖBB (Austrian Railways) website using Method 1, see the instructions below and can print out the reservation.
Bucharest to Istanbul by sleeper train (runs direct in summer only):
€14 supplement for a couchette in 4-berth compartment. Reservations cannot be made online, reserve at the station or as shown here.

Serbia

What's covered?

Eurail & Interrail passes give unlimited travel on ZS = Serbian Railways, www.serbianrailways.com.

That includes all domestic local & mainline trains run by ZS and (if you've a global pass) international trains to or from neighbouring countries run jointly by ZS & the national railways in those countries.

Help with train times

See international train times & routes from Belgrade

Using a pass on Serbian trains

Reservation is optional on express trains, for €0.90.

Using a pass on international trains

Reservation is optional on the Belgrade-Zagreb-Ljubljana train (if & when running), you can just get on and show your pass when asked. If you want a reserved seat you can do this at the station for a few euros, this is just a normal seat reservation as for any ticket holder.
Belgrade to Podgorica or Bar by sleeper train Lovcen:

Couchette supplement €6 in a 6-berth or €14 in a 4-berth. Sleeper supplement €15 for a bed in a 3-bed sleeper, €20 for a bed in a 2-bed sleeper, €40 for a single-bed sleeper, all bookable with 2nd class pass. Reservations cannot be made online, make them at the station.

Slovakia

What's covered?

Eurail & Interrail passes give unlimited travel on ZSSK = Slovak Railways, www.zssk.sk.

That includes all domestic local & mainline trains run by ZSSK and (if you've a global pass) international trains to or from neighbouring countries run jointly by ZSSK & the national railways in those countries.
Passes now cover private operator Regiojet too.

Help with train times

See international train times & routes from Bratislava

Using a pass within Slovakia

Seat reservation is compulsory on all InterCity & EuroCity trains, the cost varies between €1-€10 in 2nd class or €7-€16 in 1st class depending on distance. It's just a normal seat reservation, as for any other ticket holder.
You can make seat reservations on the Slovakian Railways website predaj.zssk.sk/search: Run an enquiry and find the train you want. Click on the shopping trolley icon then Purchase the ticket. Then click on No Discount, select International ticket/Rail Pass from the list and click Continue. Click Seat ticket to see the reservation options, pick one and make the reservation. At the next stage you'll usually get to choose an exact seat from a seat map. You get a barcode to print or show on your phone.

Using a pass on international trains

Bratislava to Budapest by EuroCity or Intercity train:
Seat reservation is optional, but a very good idea as these trains can get busy, especially in summer. It costs around €3, it's just a normal seat reservation as for any ticket holder.
You can reserve a seat using the CD (Czech Railways) website, see the instructions here.

Bratislava to Prague by EuroCity or Intercity train:
Seat reservation is optional, but a very good idea as these trains can get busy, especially in summer. It costs around €3, it's just a normal seat reservation as for any ticket holder. Book at the station, there are almost always places even on the day.
You can reserve a seat using the CD (Czech Railways) website, see the instructions here. .
SuperCity tilting trains from Kosice & Poprad Tatry to Ostrava & Prague:
Seat reservation is compulsory on SuperCity tilting trains from Kosice & Poprad Tatry to Ostrava & Prague, €7, a normal seat reservation as for any ticket holder.
You can reserve a seat using the CD (Czech Railways) website, see the instructions here. .

Bratislava to Prague by Regiojet train:
Reservation required, €1.3 in Low Cost, €2 in Standard, €2.8 in Relax or (with a 1st class pass) €1.3 in Business.
Regiojet passholder reservations can be made online at www.regiojet.com: Use the journey planner as if buying a normal ticket. When prices appear, look for the Only seat reservations toggle and use it. Select the train you want, then under Type of ticket purchased select Interrail & Eurail. You print out your reservation or can show it in the Regiojet app. Or book at the Regiojet ticket window at Bratislava Hlavna.

Bratislava to Krakow or Warsaw by EuroNight sleeper train:
€17 for a couchette in a 6-bunk couchette, €32 for a bed in a 3-berth sleeper, €44 for a bed in a 2-bed sleeper, €83 in a single-bed sleeper, €55 for a bed in a 2-bed sleeper with shower & toilet, €93 in a single-bed sleeper with shower & toilet, all bookable with a 2nd class pass.
You can reserve a seat, couchette or sleeper using the CD (Czech Railways) website, see the instructions here. .
Bratislava to Berlin by EuroNight sleeper train:
Couchette in 6-berth €34, couchette in 4-berth €44, bed in 3-bed sleeper €54, in 2-bed €74, in single-bed €114, all types can be booked with 2nd class pass.
Passholder reservations for sleepers or couchettes can be made online at the ÖBB website using Method 1, see the instructions below.

Slovenia

What's covered?

Eurail & Interrail passes give unlimited travel on SZ = Slovenian railways, potniski.sz.si.

That includes all domestic local & mainline trains run by SZ and (if you've a global pass) international trains to or from neighbouring countries run by SZ & the national railways in those countries.

Help with train times

See international train times & routes from Ljubljana

Using a pass on Slovenian trains

Seat reservation is compulsory on all ICS trains, costing between €2-€4 depending on distance.

Using a pass on international trains

Ljubljana or Lesce-Bled to Salzburg or Munich by EuroCity train:
Reservation optional, you can just get on and show your pass when asked. If you want a reserved seat you can make a normal seat reservation for around €4.90 at the German Railways website as shown here. It's just an ordinary seat reservation, so you use the Book seat only link under the red search button to run the enquiry.
Ljubljana to Vienna by EuroCity train:
Reservation optional, you can just get on and show your pass when asked. If you want a reserved seat you can make a seat reservation for around €3 at the Austrian Railways website using Method 2, see the instructions below.

Ljubljana to Budapest by train:
Reservation optional, you can just get on and show your pass when asked.
Ljubljana or Lesce-Bled to Zagreb:

Reservation optional. You can reserve a seat for €3 at least on some departures, using the Austrian ÖBB website using Method 2, as shown here.
Ljubljana or Lesce-Bled to Zurich by sleeper train:
Couchette in 6-berth €34, couchette in 4-berth €44, bed in 3-bed sleeper €54, in 2-bed €74, in single-bed €114.

Passholder reservations for sleepers or couchettes can be made online at the ÖBB website using Method 1, see the instructions below.
Ljubljana to Belgrade:

Reservation optional, you can just get on and show your pass when asked.

Spain

What's covered?

Eurail & Interrail passes give unlimited travel on Renfe = Spanish national railways, www.renfe.com.

That includes all domestic high-speed, long-distance, medium-distance, regional and suburban (cercanias/rodalies) trains run by Renfe and (if you've a global pass) international trains to/from France & Portugal run by Renfe, SNCF (France) and CP (Portugal).
Passes also cover FEVE, which runs the narrow-gauge local trains in northern Spain around Bilbao, Gijón, León & Santander, as it's now part of Renfe, www.renfe.com.

What's not covered

Interrail & Eurail passes do not cover Euskotren (www.euskotren.eus) which runs narrow gauge trains Hendaye-Irun-San Sebastian-Bilbao.
Interrail & Eurail passes do not cover lo-cost Avlo trains or lo-cost Ouigo trains, even though these are subsidiaries of Renfe & SNCF respectively. They also don't cover privately-owned Iryo high-speed trains which compete with Renfe on Barcelona-Madrid.
There is no longer any pass discount on Trasmediterranea ferries to Ibiza or Majorca, or to Morocco. However, normal fare tickets for these ferries can be booked using the Direct Ferries website.

Help with train times

For train times within Spain use www.renfe.com or www.raileurope.com.

See international train times & routes from Barcelona

See international train times & routes from San Sebastian

See international train times & routes from Madrid, Valencia, Alicante, Granada, Seville, Malaga

Using a pass within Spain

All Spanish long-distance trains need a reservation

Even many shorter distance regional trains require a seat reservation costing a few euros. It's safest to assume that the only trains in Spain which definitely don't require a seat reservation are suburban trains (cercanias) around the big cities, which also includes the rural Barcelona-Latour de Carol & Barcelona-Portbou-Cerbère routes.

You can make passholder reservations in person at any Spanish station when you get to Spain, but beware, Spanish long-distance trains often leave fully-booked, especially in summer, so booking at short-notice can be risky.

AVE

AVE high speed trains, for example Madrid to Seville, Cordoba, Cadiz, Malaga, Valencia, Barcelona. Barcelona to Malaga/Cordoba/Seville:

€10 in 2nd class (estandar class, elige fare), €13 in 1st class (confort class, elige fare) or €23.50 in 1st class (confort class, premium fare) with lounge access, drinks & meal included.

EuroMed

Barcelona-Valencia-Alicante: €6.50 in 2nd class (estandar class, elige fare), €10 in 1st class (confort class, elige fare) or €23.50 in 1st class (confort class, premium fare) with lounge access, drinks & meal on weekdays included.

Alvia & Intercity

For example, Madrid-Cadiz, San Sebastian-Barcelona, Bilbao-Barcelona, Madrid-Vigo, Madrid-Algeciras, Madrid-Badajoz:

€6.50 fee in 2nd class (estandar class, elige fare) or €10 in 1st class (confort class, elige fare).

Avant
High-speed trains for short distances: €4 per seat.
MD & TRD
Even many shorter-distance regional trains in Spain require a seat reservation, including MD Media Distancia train : €4 per seat.
To make Spanish passholder reservations, here are the options:

Option 1, try booking online at the official Interrail/Eurail reservations service. Until July 2023 it was impossible to book passholder reservations for Spain online anywhere, but the official Interrail/Eurail reservations service started offering them in July 2023, having finally persuaded Renfe to let them do it. Don't expect too much: Spanish trains often only open for sale close to departure date, meaning anywhere from 10 to 90 days, and they also have a habit of leaving full. This system seems to work for some routes/trains, but not necessarily all. See whether this option works for you for your trains and routes, if it doesn't, try options 2 or 3.

Option 2, call Deutsche Bahn on +49 30 2970 (German line) or +49 30 311682904 (English-speaking line). You should first look up the train(s) you want using int.bahn.de and specify the train number(s). Reservations are issued as old-school hard copy tickets, but these can be sent to any address worldwide by normal post for €5.90 per order or collected from a DB ticket machine in Germany, if you happen to be there.

Option 3, email andy@railtravelcentre.com, the same rail expert that runs www.discoverbyrail.com. He can arrange passholder reservations in Spain. Note that reservations cannot be e-ticketed, they are hard-copy and will only be sent to UK addresses or can be collected from ticket machines in Germany (as the reservations are sourced via the DB system). His normal handling fee is £17.50, but he'll reduce this to £15 if you quote 'seat61' in your email. One handling fee is charged 'per booking', where a booking can be multiple passengers reserved on multiple trains. Remember to tell him if your pass is 1st or 2nd class.

Option 3, call Renfe telesales on 34 91 232 03 20 and reserve, but (a) it must be more than 24h before departure and (b) you have to collect and pay for the reservation at a Renfe ticket office in Spain within 48 hours. So this method may gain you time, but not much!

Spain ► France

Barcelona to Narbonne, Perpignan, Montpellier, Nimes & Paris by French Railways (SNCF) TGV:
Reservation compulsory, passholder fee €35 in 1st or 2nd class.
You can make passholder reservations online using the Eurail/Interrail reservations service, it's e-ticketed, the reservation is emailed to you and can be printed or shown on your phone.
Barcelona to Narbonne, Perpignan, Montpellier, Nimes, Avignon, Marseille, Lyon by Spanish Railways (Renfe) AVE:
The reservation fee is believed to be €13.70, but ways to book passholder reservations on these Renfe AVE trains are almost non-existent.
You cannot book online at Renfe.com. See if the Eurail/Interrail reservations service will book these AVEs, this can now do some Spanish trains and the range of Renfe trains that it can book is slowly expanding. But at the time I write this, it can't.
The only sure-fire way to book these AVEs is in person at a Renfe ticket office at a Spanish station.
Alternatively, use an SNCF TGV instead OR just bite the bullet and buy a regular ticket on an AVE from just €19 at www.renfe.com.
How to avoid these expensive reservation fees:
Option 1, Barcelona to Latour de Carol to Toulouse: There are no fees to pay or reservations required on the local suburban trains from Barcelona through the Pyrenees to Latour de Carol and on the TER regional trains from Latour de Carol to Toulouse, see here for details.
Option 2, Barcelona - Cerbère- Perpignan: Take a Spanish regional train from Barcelona to Cerbère then a French TER regional train from Cerbère to Perpignan, no reservation necessary for either train. Then take a TGV from Perpignan to Paris or wherever, €10 reservation fee booked in advance or €20 fee when the €10 fees sell out, easily bookable online without any booking fee as shown here. The easiest way to find times is to use the Barcelona area regional trains website rodalies.gencat.cat/en/horaris to look up trains from Barcelona to Cerbère. Then use int.bahn.de to look up trains from Cerbère to Paris/Lyon/Montpellier/Avignon/wherever.
Option 3, via San Sebastian at the northern end of the Pyrenees: Take a Spanish train from Madrid, Barcelona or wherever to San Sebastian at the northern end of the Pyrenees, reservation fee €10, make this at the station, there's no quota so only sells out at the busiest times. You can check times at www.raileurope.com. Then take the little Euskotren metro from San Sebastian Amara station to Hendaye, which is not covered by Interrail or Eurail, but the fare is only €2.50 or so, buy at the station, it runs every 30 minutes and takes 37 minutes. Then take a TGV from Hendaye to Bordeaux or Paris, €10 fee in advance or €20 fee when the €10 fees sell out, easily bookable online as shown here. You'll also find fee-free TER trains from Hendaye to Biarritz and Bordeaux.

Spain ► Portugal

Madrid to Lisbon by day trains: See here for Madrid-Lisbon timetable & journey details, and see here for reservation requirements & how to book.
Vigo to Porto by express regional train: You must ask for a seat reservation at the station before boarding, free of charge.

Sweden

What's covered?

Eurail & Interrail passes give unlimited travel on SJ = Swedish national railways www.sj.se, which runs most Swedish mainline trains.

That includes all domestic local & mainline trains run by SJ and (if you've a global pass) international trains to or from Denmark & Norway run by SJ & its partner railways in those countries.
Passes also give unlimited travel on:

Öresundståg = operator of local trains linking Copenhagen, Malmo, Gothenburg.

Arlanda Express airport rail link.

Inlandsbanen private local railway up the inner spine of Sweden.

Snälltåget = private operator running Malmo-Stockholm & Malmo-Berlin, www.snalltaget.se.

Local operators Arriva, Krösatåg, Norrtåg, Skånetrafiken, Värmlandstrafik, Västtrafik, Mälartåg.

Tallink-Silja Line ferries Stockholm-Turku (for train to Helsinki). Cabin berths extra.

Free travel on Net Matkat bus service Kemi/Tornio-Haparanda (across the top from Sweden into Finland).
Passes do not cover private operators MTRX or Flixtrain running Stockholm-Gothenburg trains in competition with SJ.

Other pass benefits

50% discount on Viking Line ferries Stockholm-Helsinki and Stockholm-Turku.
30% discount on Stena Line ferries (including Gothenburg-Frederikshavn in Denmark).
Special fares on Tallink-Silja Line ferries Stockholm-Riga, Stockholm-Tallinn.

Help with train times

For train times within Sweden use www.sj.se.

See international train times & routes from Stockholm

Using a pass within Sweden

X2000 trains, for example, Stockholm-Gothenburg or Stockholm-Malmö:

Reservation compulsory, fee €7 in 2nd class or €17 in 1st class (includes a light meal in 1st class).

You can make seat reservations on SJ trains at www.sj.se following the instructions below.

Sj.se occasionally struggles with overseas credit cards. If you have any problems using it you can also make passholder reservations for Sweden at www.trainplanet.com by first switching it to Interrail mode using the toggle under the journey planner. Trainplanet charges a small booking fee.
Intercity trains: Reservation compulsory, 35 SEK in either class.
Sleeper trains within Sweden:
Seat €3, couchette in 6-bunk compartment €20, bed in 3-bed sleeper with washbasin €40, bed in 2-bed sleeper with toilet & shower €50, single-bed sleeper with toilet & shower €75.
You can make couchette and sleeper reservations on SJ trains at www.sj.se following the instructions below.
Snälltåget (private competitor to SJ) Malmo-Stockholm: Reservation required, €5 in 2nd class, €15 in 1st class.
You can make passholder reservations at www.snalltaget.se/en by ticking the I have an Interrail or Eurail pass box at the bottom of the page when the calendar appears.

Using a pass on international trains

Stockholm to Copenhagen by X2000:
Reservation compulsory, €6.60 in 2nd class, €16 in 1st class.
You can make Stockholm-Copenhagen passholder reservations online with no booking fee at www.sj.se following the instructions below.
You can also make them at the Eurail/Interrail reservations service, the reservation is e-ticketed and emailed to you in minutes.
Stockholm to Oslo by Intercity train:
Reservation compulsory, €6.60 in 2nd class, €16 in 1st class.
You can make Stockholm-Oslo passholder reservations online using the Eurail/Interrail reservations service, the reservation is e-ticketed and emailed to you in minutes. You can also make them with no added booking fee at www.sj.se following the instructions below (no booking fee) or at www.trainplanet.com by first switching it to Interrail mode using the toggle under the journey planner (small booking fee).
Gothenburg to Oslo:
Reservation optional. You can just get on and sit in any empty unreserved seat.
Gothenburg & Malmo to Copenhagen by Öresund train:
Reservation unnecessary, just get on, sit where you like and show your pass when asked.
Stockholm to Hamburg or Berlin by SJ EuroNight sleeper train:
Reservation required. You can book passholder places in couchettes or sleepers at the Swedish Railways website www.sj.se by adding an Interrail/Eurail discount to each passenger, see the instructions below.
If you have any problems you can also make passholder reservations at www.trainplanet.com by first switching it to Interrail mode using the toggle under the journey planner.
Stockholm or Malmo to Hamburg or Berlin by Snälltåget night train:
Reservation required, €19 in a seat, €39 with couchette. You can make the reservation online at www.snalltaget.se simply by ticking the I have an Interrail or Eurail pass box below the calendar.
Sweden to Germany by day trains changing at Copenhagen:
See the Germany to Denmark & Denmark to Sweden sections.

Switzerland

What's covered?

Eurail & Interrail passes give unlimited travel on Swiss Federal Railways (SBB, www.sbb.ch) which runs most inter-city trains and many regional ones.

That includes all domestic trains run by SBB and (if you've a global pass) international trains to or from neighbouring countries run jointly by SBB & other national railways.

Tip: If you are also visiting Paris or Italy, it's often cheaper to combine a one-country Swiss pass with a cheap advance-purchase ticket between Paris & Switzerland or Switzerland & Italy, rather than buying a global pass and paying reservation fees for the international trains. So do the maths!
The Glacier Express route from Zermatt to St Moritz is part run by the Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn (MGB) and part by the Rhätische Bahn (RhB) both now covered by Eurail & Interrail passes. How to make an online reservation for the Glacier Express if you have a railpass.
The Bernina Express route Chur-St Moritz-Tirano is entirely run by RhB, so covered by Eurail & Interrail. How to make an online reservation for the Bernina Express if you have a railpass.
The Golden Pass route Montreux - Interlaken - Lucerne is also fully covered by Interrail & Eurail passes, as is the Mont Blanc Express between Martigny, Chamonix-Mont Blanc & St Gervais in France as it's run by TMR & SNCF.
Interrail & Eurail passes give free travel on these private railways:

AB Appenzeller Bahnen (25% discount on Ligerz - Tessenberg, free on all other routes)

ASM Aare Seeland Mobil

BLS Bern-Lötschberg-Simplon (which runs the main Bern-Interlaken-Brig line)

CJ Chemins de fer du Jura

FART Ferrovie Autolinee Regionall Ticinesi

FB Forchbahn

LEB Lausanne - Echallens - Bercher

MBC Bière - Apples - Morges

MGB Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn - new from 2017!

MOB Montreux Oberland Bernois

MVR Transports Montreux - Vevey - Riviera

NStCM Chemin de Fer Nyon - St-Cergue - Morez

RA RegionAlps Martigny - Orsières / Le Chàble

RBS Regionalverkehr Bern Solothurn

RhB Rhätische Bahn (Disentis-Chur-St Moritz-Tirano)

SOB Sudostbahn

SOB-bt Bodensee Toggenburg Bahn

SSIF Societa Subalpina di Imprese Ferroviarie

THURBO Mittelthrugau Bahn

TMR Martigny - Châtelard (- Chamonix Mont Blanc)

TPC Transports publics du Chablais
TPF Transports publics Fribourgeois

TRAVYS SA

TRN Transports régionaux Neuchâtelois

Voralpen Express

WB Waldenburgerbahn
WSB Wynental & Suhrentalbahn

ZB Centralbahn
Interrail holders get 25% or 50% discount on these other private train & bus services:

BB Kehrsiten - Bürgenstock

BET Bergbahnen Engelberg to Titlis

BOB Berner Oberland Bahnen (including Interlaken to Grindelwald, Lauterbrunnen, Mürren, Wengen)

JB Jungfraubahn - see the train up the Jungfrau page.
LAF Luftseilbahn Adliswil - Felsenegg
PB Pilatusbahn (Alpnachstad-Pilatus Kulm/Kriens-Fräkmüntegg-Pil. Kulm)
RB Rigi-Bahn
SMF-lsm Stöckalp - Melchsee - Frutt
SMtS St-Imier - Mont-Soleil
SthB Stanserhornbahn
SZU Sihltal - Zürich - Uetliberg
Swiss railways offering free travel & those only giving a discount, at a glance:

The easiest way to understand is to see this map of Switzerland's rail network. Solid red line = free travel with a Eurail or Interrail pass. Dotted red line = Discount on regular fares give to passholders. Grey lines (if within Switzerland) = no free travel or discount. Common mistake: The dashed red lines are tunnels, not to be confused with the dotted red lines!

Help with train times

Check train times in Switzerland at www.sbb.ch - their journey planner covers all operators, not just SBB.

See international train times & routes from Switzerland

Using a pass within Switzerland

Using a Eurail or Interrail pass in Switzerland is easy, as seat reservations are not required for any journey wholly within Switzerland, you just hop on, sit in any empty seat and show your pass when asked. This even goes for international TGV-Lyria and ICE trains on the Swiss domestic part of their journey, where they form part of the regular-interval Swiss domestic train service.
There are only a handful of exceptions, you must pay to make a seat reservation for certain narrow-gauge panoramic trains aimed at tourists, including the famous Glacier Express between Zermatt & St Moritz, the Bernina Express between Chur, St Moritz & Tirano, the Gotthard Panoramic Express, and the Golden Pass Panoramic trains between Montreux & Zweisimmen.
How to make an online reservation for the Glacier Express if you have a railpass.
How to make an online reservation for the Bernina Express if you have a railpass.

Switzerland ► Paris & France

Zurich, Basel, Lausanne or Geneva to Paris by TGV-Lyria high-speed train:

Reservation is compulsory, passholder fee €29 in 2nd class, €39 in 1st class. These new rates apply from 1 July 2023.

You can make TGV-Lyria passholder reservations online using the Eurail/Interrail reservations service, the reservation is emailed to you in minutes. Passholder places shouldn't run out as they're taken from the most expensive price bucket.

However, if you can book 2-3 months ahead, regular advance-purchase tickets start at €29 booked at www.thetrainline.com and might be cheaper.

How to avoid paying these high TGV-Lyria fees:

If you're happy paying the TGV-Lyria reservation fee, fine, it's fast, it's direct, it's comfortable. But if not, you can travel from Switzerland to Paris avoiding TGV-Lyria by taking a TER regional train from Basel SBB to Mulhouse then another TER regional train from Mulhouse to Paris, no reservation necessary for either train. You can find times using int.bahn.de, simply click Mode of transport and select Local transport only.

Similarly, you can take a TER regional train from Geneva to Lyon (no reservation required & no fees) then use one of several TER Lyon-Paris trains (no reservation required, no fees, but they take 5h rather than 2h by TGV). You can find Geneva-Lyon & Lyon-Paris TER times using int.bahn.de, click Mode of transport and select Local transport only.
Geneva to Lyon, Basel to Mulhouse & Strasbourg by TER regional train:

No reservation necessary or possible, hop on, find any empty seat & show your pass when asked.

Switzerland ► Amsterdam & the Netherlands

Zurich & Basel to Amsterdam by Nightjet sleeper train:
Seat €14, couchette in 6-berth €34, couchette in 4-berth €44, bed in 3-berth sleeper €74, bed in 2-berth sleeper €94, bed in single-berth sleeper €144, berth in 2-berth deluxe sleeper €114, berth in single-berth deluxe sleeper €154. Only a 2nd class ticket or pass is needed for all Nightjet accommodation types, as from 2017.

Passholder reservations for nightjet sleeper trains can be made online at the ÖBB website using Method 1, see the instructions below.
You can reserve a seat in the Intercity cars attached to this overnight train for around €5 using the German Railways website, see instructions here. However, a seat is a false economy, always pay for a couchette or sleeper unless they are fully-booked.
Basel to Amsterdam by ICE train:
Seat reservation is normally optional on the ICE train from Basel to Amsterdam. You can just hop on, sit in any empty unreserved seat & show your pass when asked. If you want to reserve seat, you can make a normal seat reservation for around €5 using the German Railways website, as explained here.
Important: From 17 June to 18 August 2023 reservation is compulsory for cross-border journeys on these Basel-Germany-Amsterdam ICE trains. Try making a reservation using the German Railways website, as explained here. However, it seems they have disabled the ability to make reservation-only bookings on these ICEs during this period. If so, phone NS Customer Support to make your reservation, on +31 30 23 000 23.

Switzerland ► Milan & Italy

Zurich, Basel, Bern, Luzern, Lugano, Geneva to Milan by direct EuroCity train:

A passholder reservation fee must be paid, €11 in 2nd class, €13 in 1st class.

Option 1, strange as it may seem, you can make passholder reservations for these Switzerland-Italy EuroCity trains at the Austrian Railways website www.oebb.at.

This is the cheapest option because you pay no booking fee, just the reservation fee. It works for Italian high-speed & InterCity trains, but not for sleepers or couchettes on night trains.

Go to Austrian Railways www.oebb.at and set up an enquiry for the Italian journey you want, for example from Rome to Florence.

Where it says 1 x adult, click change.

Now click Add discount and run a search for Interrail or Eurail. Select Interrail / Eurail - Globalpass and confirm.

Now run the enquiry, clicking the Find services button then the One-way tickets and day tickets link.

You should see €10 passholder reservations on high-speed trains and €3 reservations on Intercity trains.

If it says Ticket not available, you may have used the Reservation only no ticket link to run the enquiry, you must use the One-way tickets and day tickets link.

Go ahead and buy! You print out your reservation. Do let me know if this method stops working.

Option 2, you can also make passholder reservations online using the Eurail/Interrail reservations service, the reservation is e-ticketed and emailed to you in minutes.
Zurich, Chur & St Moritz to Varenna & Milan via the scenic Bernina route:

No reservation is needed on the regular hourly Swiss local trains to Tirano, just hop on and show your pass. No reservation needed on the two-hourly Italian regional train from Tirano to Milan.

Only if you choose to use the Chur-Tirano Bernina Express panoramic train is a seat reservation compulsory, you can make this online as shown here.

Switzerland ► Austria

Zurich to Innsbruck, Salzburg or Vienna by railjet train:

Reservation is optional, you can hop on any train and simply show your pass. However, reserving a seat is a good idea as it's a long journey, especially at busy times such as Friday or Sunday afternoons.

You can reserve a seat for around €3 at the ÖBB (Austrian Railways) website using Method 2, see the instructions here.
Zurich to Vienna by Nightjet sleeper train:
Seat €12,90, couchette in 6-berth €31.30, couchette in 4-berth €40.60, bed in 3-berth sleeper €??, bed in 2-berth sleeper €68.20, bed in single-berth sleeper €114.30, berth in 2-berth deluxe sleeper €86.60, berth in single-berth deluxe sleeper €132.70. Only a 2nd class ticket or pass is needed for all Nightjet accommodation types, as of 2017.
Passholder reservations for nightjet sleeper trains can be made at the Austrian Railways website using Method 1, see the instructions here.

Switzerland ► Germany

Switzerland to Germany by InterCity, ICE or EuroCity train:

Various InterCity, ICE & EuroCity trains link Germany with Switzerland. Reservation is optional, you can just hop on, sit in any empty unreserved seat & show your pass when asked. However, trains can get busy especially in summer, so reserving a seat is a good idea.

You can reserve a seat for around €5 at the DB (German Railways) website, see the instructions below.
Zurich or Basel to Berlin, Hamburg & Germany by Nightjet sleeper train:
Seat €14, couchette in 6-berth €34, couchette in 4-berth €44, bed in 3-berth sleeper €54, bed in 2-berth sleeper €74, bed in single-berth sleeper €124, berth in 2-berth deluxe sleeper €94, berth in single-berth deluxe sleeper €144. Only a 2nd class ticket or pass is needed for all Nightjet accommodation types.
Passholder reservations for nightjet sleeper trains can be made at the Austrian Railways website using Method 1, see the instructions here.

Switzerland ► Prague & Czechia

Zurich to Prague by EuroNight sleeper train (both routes):
With 2nd class pass, bed in 3-berth sleeper €45, bed in 2-berth sleeper €58, bed in single-berth sleeper €110. With 1st class pass, bed in 3-berth deluxe sleeper with shower & toilet €45, bed in 2-berth deluxe sleeper with shower & toilet €58, bed in single-bed deluxe sleeper with shower & toilet €110.
Passholder reservations for the sleeper trains from Zurich or Basel to Prague can be made online at the Czech Railways website www.cd.cz, with no added booking fee. Before running the enquiry, click where it says 1 x Adult 26-64 No discount card then click on No discount card , click Interrail and Eurail Pass then select the one you have. You print your own ticket or can show it on your phone.
Zurich to Prague by daytime trains with a change at Munich or Linz:
None of the daytime trains Zurich-Linz, Linz-Prague or Zurich-Munich, Munich-Prague require reservations, you can just hop on and show your pass when asked. Seat reservations are optional, if you want a reserved seat, make a normal seat reservations from Linz or Munich to Prague at the Czech Railways website as shown here. Then make a normal seat reservations from Zurich to Munich at the German Railways website as shown here, or from Zurich to Linz at the Austrian Railways website as explained here, using Method 2.

Switzerland ► Budapest & Hungary

Zurich to Budapest by railjet train:

Seat reservation is optional, but it's a long journey so reserving a seat is a good idea. You can make a seat reservation for around €3 at the ÖBB (Austrian Railways) website using Method 2, see the instructions here.
Zurich to Budapest by sleeper train:
Couchette in 6-berth €34, couchette in 4-berth €44, bed in 3-bed sleeper €54, in 2-bed €74, in single-bed €114. All types can be booked with 2nd class pass.
Passholder reservations can be made at the ÖBB (Austrian Railways) website using Method 1, see the instructions here.

Switzerland ► Slovenia & Croatia

Zurich to Ljubljana & Zagreb by sleeper train:
Couchette in 6-berth €34, couchette in 4-berth €44, bed in 3-bed sleeper €54, in 2-bed €74, in single-bed €114.
Passholder reservations can be made at the ÖBB (Austrian Railways) website using Method 1, see the instructions here.

Turkey

What's covered?

Interrail & Eurail passes give unlimited travel on TCDD = Turkish Railways www.tcdd.gov.tr.

That includes all domestic local & mainline trains run by TCDD in both European & Asian Turkey and (if you've a global pass) international trains to or from Bulgaria & Romania run jointly by TCDD & its partner railways BDZ (Bulgaria) and CFR (Romania).

Help with train times

See international train times & routes from Istanbul

See train times for key domestic routes within Turkey

Using a pass on Turkish trains

Reservations are required for all long distance & high-speed trains within Turkey, but reservations are free unless you want a sleeper, for which a charge is made. Reservations cannot be made online or from outside Turkey, just make a free reservation at any main station when you get to Turkey.

Using a pass on international trains

Istanbul to Sofia by sleeper train:

€10 supplement for a couchette in 4-berth compartment or €15 supplement for a bed in a 2-bed sleeper. If you have a 1st class pass, a single-bed sleeper all to yourself costs €35. Cannot be booked online, make a reservation at the station.
Istanbul to Bucharest by through couchette car (summer only):

€14 supplement for a couchette in 4-berth compartment. Cannot be booked online, make a reservation at the station.

How to make reservations

Some train operator websites allow reservation-only bookings for passholders, many don't. And even if they do, it works for some routes not others. Here's a list of those that do.

Interrail/Eurail reservations service

Once you have bought a Eurail or Interrail pass so have a valid pass number, you can make passholder reservations for many trains using the InterRail/Eurail reservations service, including Eurostar, TGVs in France, couchette trains in France, Thalys, TGV-Lyria, Paris-Milan TGVs, and daytime & overnight trains in Italy.

Go to www.interrail.eu or www.eurail.com, click Seat reservations at the top.

Note that this is their website, not the Railplanner app.

Click yes you have a pass, click no you don't have an account, create an account, entering your pass number.

Now use the reservation system journey planner to bring up train departures for the route you want.

There's a booking fee of €2 per person in addition to the reservation cost. Prices shown include the fee, so a €10 reservation is shown as €12.

You'll see the abbreviation IRT a lot. This stands for Integrated Reservation Ticket, and simply means you'll get a ticket and seat reservation combined on one bit of paper rather than two, as would be old-school practice. From a passenger viewpoint, largely irrelevant. And TRN simply means train.

Trains it can book, with an e-ticket

Reservations shown as e-ticket are automated and emailed to you within minutes.

The system will e-ticket passholder reservations for trains in France & Italy including TGVs, Intercités, Intercités de Nuit with couchettes, Frecciarossa, Frecciabianca, Italian Intercity train, Italian Intercity Notte sleeper trains, also for Paris-Barcelona TGVs, Paris-Turin-Milan TGVs, Paris-Brussels-Amsterdam Thalys, Paris-Switzerland TGV-Lyria and Switzerland-Italy EuroCity trains.

It can also book optional seat reservations in countries such as Germany & Austria, but you can make those more cheaply, without any added fee using the train operator's website.

Trains it can book, but with a paper ticket that needs to be posted to you

Reservations shown as paper ticket have to be posted to you for an extra fee (€9 to the UK, for example), and this obviously takes time.

Hard-copy tickets have to be issued and posted for Lyon/Marseille-Barcelona AVEs, Budapest-Bucharest daytime & sleeper trains, Berlin-Warsaw & Berlin-Krakow EuroCity trains, Norwegian trains.

Trains it can't book

The system cannot currently book Spanish or Portuguese domestic trains at all, or trains in the UK, Ireland, Finland, Serbia, Bosnia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey. It also can't book Nightjet sleeper trains or Venice-Vienna railjets (but www.oebb.at can book these, see below). It only seems to offer 2nd class reservations on the Munich-Italy Brenner EuroCity trains. In France, it can't book some trains run by the regions, such as Paris-Cherbourg.
Seating choice...

Unfortunately, the Interrail/Eurail reservations service doesn't give you any control over what seats you get, not even basic options such as aisle or window, basically you get what you're given (but if you're booking for 2 or more people together, don't worry, you'll all be seated together by default). Nor do you see your car & seat numbers before you pay, so the old trick of opening multiple tabs, running the same enquiry, comparing the seats you're offered with a seat numbering plan until you get ones you like won't work. But here are two tips:

How to change your seats on Eurostar: After booking a Eurostar, you can go to the Eurostar website www.eurostar.com and use the Manage booking feature with your surname & booking reference to change your seats to ones you prefer (I recommend seat 61!). See more detailed advice here.

How to change your seats on French trains including TGVs, Paris-Barcelona TGVs, Paris-Milan TGVs, Paris-Switzerland TGV-Lyria: After Having looked at a seating plan, if you really don't like the seats you've been given, it's possible to ask SNCF (French Railways) to change them by phone or at a French station. Call SNCF on 00 33 1 84 94 3635, listen through the initial phone menu in French, it will then switch to English and ask you to press #85 for an English speaking agent (please let me know if that changes). Ask nicely and they may be able to change your seats, usually at no charge if done at least 7 days before departure. You'll need your surname and 7-letter SNCF booking reference (dossier de voyage). Lines open 07:00-10:00 French time, 7 days a week.

Reservations and your pass are totally separate and not linked in any way

You can make reservations using this service even before you activate your pass, before specifying any travel days or adding any journeys to it. You don't commit yourself to using a train (or a pass day) merely by making a reservation. You can make multiple reservations for the same route if you need to, if you're not sure which train you'll catch, or if you make a reservation then change your plans, it does not affect your pass in any way. And if there's (let's say) 4 of you, all with passes, one of you can make reservations for 4 people this way, no problem. You only need to add the journey in question to your pass (and trigger a pass day on a flexi pass, if it's the first train you're taking that day) when you actually board the train!

How to make reservations on Eurostar

To make passholder reservations on Eurostar between London and Lille/Paris/Brussels/Amsterdam, see the instructions here.

How to make reservations at the French Railways website

The French Railways website www.sncf-connect.com used to sell passholder reservations on trains wholly within France, and on the TGVs between Paris and Turin/Milan. However, passholder reservations were disabled in 2020, apparently due to high levels of fraud. You should now use the Interrail/Eurail reservations service.
Alternatively, you can try calling SNCF telesales on 00 33 1 84 94 3635. Tip: If they say they can't do pass bookings, be polite but firm, and tell them to use code IR50 for International Interrail bookings and code IR00 for domestic French train bookings. If they refuse, you may need to call back and get someone else!

How to make Thalys reservations at the Belgian Railways website

To make passholder reservations for Thalys (Paris-Brussels-Amsterdam/Cologne), go to the Belgian Railways site www.b-europe.com.
Click Plan & book then Interrail train passes then scroll down to Book your Eurostar or Thalys pass fare now and click it.
You are emailed your Thalys or Eurostar e-ticket. Don't worry that it says Interrail when your pass is a Eurail as the reservation is exactly the same for either pass type.

How to make reservations at the Trenitalia website

The Italian Railways website www.trenitalia.com used to sell passholder reservations on trains in Italy. However, passholder reservations were disabled in 2019 due to high levels of fraud. You should now use the Interrail/Eurail reservations service.

How to make reservations at the German Railways (DB) website

The German Railways website can make reservation-only bookings for seats on trains to, from or within Germany. It can also book seats on some journeys across Germany, for example between Benelux countries and Switzerland or Benelux and Czechia.
It cannot make reservation-only bookings to or from France or Poland.

It cannot make reservation-only bookings for Nightjet sleeper trains, you need the Austrian ÖBB website for that as shown below.

Booking opens up to 6 months ahead, although this varies.
Go to int.bahn.de. Set up an enquiry, but instead of clicking the red Search button, click the Book seat only link underneath.
Seat reservations normally cost €4.90 per seat in 2nd class, €5.90 in 1st class.
Tip: For journeys to Austria, you can save a euro or two by booking at the Austrian Railways site as shown below. For journeys to the Czech Republic, you can save a euro or two by booking at the Czech Railways site as shown below.

How to make reservations at the Austrian Railways (ÖBB) website

What can it reserve?
The Austrian Railways website tickets.oebb.at/en/ticket can make passholder reservations in either direction for:

- Nightjet sleeper trains;

- EuroNight sleeper trains including Munich-Zagreb, Munich-Budapest, Zurich-Budapest, Zurich-Zagreb, Berlin-Krakow, Berlin-Budapest;

- The Dacia Express sleeper train between Vienna/Budapest and Sighisoara/Brasov/Bucharest;

- Railjet trains between Vienna & Venice, these have a compulsory passholder fee and optional seat reservation;

- EuroCity trains between Munich/Innsbruck & Verona, Bologna, Venice, also with compulsory passholder fee & optional seat reservation;

- It can also make normal (usually optional) seat reservations on trains to, from or within Austria, for example Vienna-Budapest, Vienna-Zurich, Vienna-Munich, Innsbruck-Zurich or Salzburg-Munich.

There are two different methods, use the right one.

To make special passholder reservations on Nightjet sleeper trains, certain EuroNight sleeper trains, the Vienna-Venice railjets & Munich-Italy EuroCity trains, use Method 1.

To make normal seat reservations (which is all passholders need on most Austrian routes, for example Munich-Vienna, Vienna-Prague, Vienna-Budapest, Salzburg-Vienna, Vienna-Krakow/Warsaw) use Method 2.

If you're not sure which to use, read the country-by-country information above to see what your specific route/train requires.
Method 1, the Interrail/Eurail discount method

Use this method to make passholder reservations on Nightjet sleeper trains, certain EuroNight sleeper trains or EuroCity/railjet trains between Munich/Austria & Italy. Booking opens up to 6 months ahead, although it can often be less than this.

1. Go to tickets.oebb.at/en/ticket (please let me know if this link stops working) and set up a journey enquiry as if you were buying a ticket.

2. Where it says 1 x adult, click Change. Enter the number of passengers, and for each passenger under Adult no discount, click Add discount.

3. In the Search discounts facility, start typing Inter or Eurail and it'll bring up Interrail/Eurail - Globalpass. Select & confirm.

4. Now click the red Find services button followed by the One-way tickets and day tickets link to run the enquiry (the usual mistake here is to click the Seat reservation only (no ticket) link!).

5. If booking a sleeper train, you should now see a €13.50 (approx) passholder seat reservation fee, which you can change to couchette or sleeper, then modify the type of couchette and sleeper to what you want. The passholder couchette or sleeper reservation price should now correspond to those quoted on this page. Remember that prices are per person per bed, not per compartment - if you book 2 people in a double sleeper or 4 people in 4-berth couchettes, you get a whole compartment, but if you book less than the number of beds in a sleeper or couchette compartment (for example, 2 people in a 3-berth sleeper), other passengers may be booked in with you in the vacant beds. You print out your reservation or can show it on your mobile.

6. If booking a EuroCity or railjet train between Munich/Innsbruck/Vienna & Italy, you should now see the €10 passholder surcharge. You can add an optional seat reservation for €3 - this strongly recommended, especially in summer. If you have a 1st class pass, click on the €5 1st class upgrade to get the €15 first class passholder fee. On the Vienna-Venice route, if you have a 1st class pass you can further upgrade to luxurious railjet business class for another €15 if you like - you won't regret it! Warning: If you have a 2nd class pass, don't upgrade to 1st class. The standard wording used by the ÖBB website makes it look like a tempting €5 upgrade to 1st class. In fact, it's the 'upgrade' from the 2nd class passholder fee to the 1st class passholder fee. Don't buy a 1st class passholder fee if you only have a 2nd class pass! Similarly, the upgrade to business class on a railjet is an upgrade to the 1st class passholder fee - only buy it if you have a 1st class pass. In your basket, if you click for price details, it will show the Brenner route passholder fee as Aufpreis Brennerverkehr Passzuschlag 1. It will show the Vienna-Venice route passholder fee as Tarvisioverkehr Pass1. You print out your reservation or can show it on your mobile.

Method 2, the 'seat reservation only' method

Use this method to make normal seat reservations on trains between Austria & Switzerland, Germany, Czechia, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania. Seat reservation is usually optional on these trains, if you want a reserved seat it's the same process as for any other traveller with an existing ticket who wants to reserve a seat. In other words, on these trains/routes it's not a special passholder reservation, just a normal seat reservation. Booking opens up to 6 months ahead, although it can often be less than this.

1. Go to tickets.oebb.at/en/ticket (please let me know if this link stops working) and set up your journey enquiry.

2. Click the red Find services button, then click Seat reservation only (no ticket) to make a reservation-only booking.

3. Seat reservations normally cost €3 per seat. Make sure you buy it in the same class (1st or 2nd) as your pass. You print out your reservation.

How to make reservations at the Czech Railways (CD) website

The Czech Railways website can make reservation-only bookings for seats and in some cases couchettes & sleepers on trains to & from Prague & the Czech Republic. In some cases it works for reservations wholly outside the Czech Republic too, for example Bratislava to Budapest or Budapest to Krakow. Seat reservations normally cost €3 per seat. Booking usually opens up to 60 days ahead.
Go to www.cd.cz and run an enquiry for your journey. In the search results, look for the train you want.
In the green Purchase a ticket box, click the down arrow. Then select Purchase reservations only.
Go ahead and make a reservation, you simply print it out.

How to make reservations at the Polish Railways (PKP Intercity) website

The PKP Intercity website www.intercity.pl can make seat reservations on trains within Poland for Eurail & Interrail pass holders.

Booking for Polish domestic trains opens 30 days before departure.

There's no booking fee, it normally costs just 1 zloty (€0.25) per seat. It costs 43 zlotys (€10) for an EIP train.

It can only book seats, not couchettes or sleepers. It can only book domestic journeys, not international ones.

First, go to bilet.intercity.pl/rejestracja?lang=EN and set up an account (please let me know if this url changes).
Then go to www.intercity.pl and switch it to English by changing PL to EN top right (repeat this whenever it switches back!).

Use the journey planner as if buying a ticket. Find the train you want and click the V in the orange box or CHOOSE. Do not click 1st class or 2nd class, you must use the 'V' or CHOOSE button if you just want a reservation not a ticket.
Now the clever bit. Scroll down and...

Change Number of passengers by normal fare from 1 to 0.

Change Number of passengers with discounts from 0 to the number of seats you want to reserve.

In the Discount/reservation type box, select Interrail/Eurail/NRT/EWT/FIP/OSJD - seat reservation (supplement incl).

That discount option should appear in the long list of discounts, along with Honorary blood donor and Anti-communist opposition activist (who get 51% off, if you were wondering). If it does great, if it doesn't, you'll need to book at the station.
Click Continue, check that the price is just for a seat reservation not a whole ticket, and buy it. You have several minutes to pay before the seat reservation lapses, so don't hang about (that's why I said to register first). You print it out or can show it on your laptop or phone.
Tip: The InterRail/Eurail discount may not appear if you choose a multi-train journey. Book one train at a time.
Tip: If you have problems booking more than 1 passenger, reserve one seat at a time and use the seat map (if booking IEP trains) or the Next to seat already reserved feature (all other trains) to get seats together.
Tip: the system is clever enough to stop you making more than one reservation using the same ticket/pass number for trains that are due to be in motion at the same time. If the first train hasn't yet left, log in to your account and cancel the first reservation before making the second reservation. You can't cancel after the train has left, so if you miss it and need to reserve on a later train while the first train is still en route, you may need to make an 'unfortunate error' of one digit in your pass number when making the second reservation, which you can later explain to the conductor (if indeed anyone checks your reservation).

How to make reservations at the Danish Railways (DSB) website

int.bahn.de can sell seat reservations for the international Hamburg-Copenhagen route. Seat reservations usually open 2 months ahead, you run an enquiry using the Book seat only link under the red search button. If booking isn't open or can't be done for any other reason it'll say so. You print your reservation or can show it on your phone. I prefer using bahn.de for this route as it lets you specify options such as window seat.
If bahn.de doesn't work for you, or if you want a reservation on a Danish domestic train, make a seat reservation at the Danish Railways website www.dsb.dk:
Click In English right at the bottom of the page, then scroll back up & click Train ticket to Europe. Now click Buy your international seat reservation and run the relevant enquiry. Here's a direct link to save you doing all that: travel.b-europe.com/dsb-rail/en/reservation-only (please let me know if it changes). The seat reservation costs around 30Kr, about €4. The fact that a price is shown doesn't mean booking is open, you only know that it's open and space is available when you click to reserve. You print out your reservation.

How to make reservations at the Swedish Railways (SJ) website

You can make reservations for Swedish domestic and international trains (including Copenhagen-Stockholm, Stockholm-Oslo, and the Berlin/Hamburg-Stockholm SJ sleeper) at the Swedish Railways website www.sj.se. There's no added booking fee, although it's occasionally been known to struggle with overseas credit cards.
Go to www.sj.se, switch it to English, click Search journey and fill in the From and To boxes.
Now the important bit:

Click on the Travellers/1 adult box, then click Add SJ Prio/period card, then click SJ Prio.

Then scroll down the list of discounts to Interrail or Eurailpass and add it to that passenger. Repeat for all pass-holding passengers.

Tip: If there are children in your group, it's easiest to enter all passengers as adults. Reservations cost the same for children as adults so this makes no difference. If you really, really want to add them as children you must enter the pass number before entering the child's age, because if you enter their age first, the option to add a pass disappears. Like I said, easier just to book everyone as an adult!

When the results appear, click on the train you want. The details for that train appear.

Make sure the correct class is selected: If you have a 2nd class pass, leave 2nd class selected. if you have a 1st, change it to 1st class (you can make a reservation in 1st or 2nd class, so if there's no availability in 1st you can always go 2nd).
Select the price in the Refundable column, this is the passholder reservation - obvious if you look at the price, the fares in the other columns are for complete tickets not just passholder reservations!

Tip: If you have any problems with sj.se, you can also make passholder reservations easily at www.acprail.com, for a small fee.

How to make reservations at the Leo Express website

Leo Express is a privately-owned open-access operator operating in the Czech Republic and Poland.
2nd class passes entitle you to free travel in economy class. 1st class pass entitles you to free travel in business class. A reservation is required but can be made for free online or in person at the Leo Express offices at Prague and Ostrava.
To make a passholder reservation online, go to www.leoexpress.com and use the journey planner.
Click on the number of passengers field and a box appears to the right which says You can apply further discounts. Click on the Discounts link and select Interrail/Eurail. This applies a 100% discount.

Tips for booking hotels

I recommend www.booking.com as you can usually book hotels with free cancellation. That means you can sort your hotels without any risk months before train bookings open, and even change your plans at no cost usually up to 24 hours before checking into the hotel. Any hotels, guesthouses or B&Bs with a review score over 8.0 are unlikely to disappoint.

Hotels will almost always look after your bags for free if you need to check out and catch an afternoon or evening train, or if you arrive in the morning before you can check in to your room.

My favourite hotel search: www.booking.com

Booking.com is my favourite hotel booking site and I generally use it to book all my hotels in one place. I've come to trust booking.com's review scores, you won't be disappointed with any hotel that scores 8.0 or more. Crucially, booking.com usually lets you book with free cancellation, which means you can confirm accommodation risk-free before train booking opens and/or you can hold accommodation while you finalise your itinerary and alter your plans as they evolve - a feature I use all the time when planning a trip. I never book hotels non-refundably!

Tip: It's sometimes worth comparing prices across multiple hotel booking sites: HotelsCombined.com compares hotel prices on Booking.com, Hotels.com, Expedia, Agoda & many others. If there's not much in it, I prefer to keep all my bookings together at www.booking.com, but it's sometimes worth checking!

Backpacker hostels

www.hostelworld.com: If you're on a tight budget, don't forget about backpacker hostels. Hostelworld offers online booking of cheap private rooms or dorm beds in backpacker hostels in Paris and most other European cities at rock-bottom prices.

Travel insurance & VPN

Always take out travel insurance

You should take out travel insurance with at least £1m or preferably £5m medical cover from a reliable insurer. It should cover trip cancellation and loss of cash & belongings up to a reasonable limit. These days, check you're covered for covid-19-related issues, and use an insurer whose cover isn't invalidated by well-meant but excessive Foreign Office travel advice against non-essential travel. An annual policy is usually cheapest even for just 2 or 3 trips a year, I have an annual policy with Staysure.co.uk myself. Don't expect travel insurance to bail you out of every missed connection, see the advice on missed connections here. Here are some suggested insurers, I get a little commission if you buy through these links, feedback always welcome.

www.staysure.co.uk offers enhanced Covid-19 protection and gets 4.7 out of 5 on Trustpilot.

www.columbusdirect.com is also a well-know brand.

If you live in the USA try Travel Guard USA.

Get an eSIM with mobile data package

Don't rely on WiFi, download an eSIM with a European mobile data package and stay connected. Most newer mobile phones can download a virtual SIM including iPhone 11 & later, see device compatibility list. There's no need to buy a physical SIM card! Maya.net is a reliable eSIM data retailer with a 4.5 out of 5 Trustpilot rating and a range of packages including unlimited data.

Get a Curve card for foreign travel

Most banks give you a poor exchange rate then add a foreign transaction fee on top. A Curve MasterCard means no foreign transaction fees and gives you the mid-market exchange rate, at least up to a certain limit, £500 per month as I write this. The money you spend on your Curve card goes straight onto one of your existing debit or credit cards. And you can get a Curve card for free.

How it works: 1. Download the Curve app for iPhone or Android. 2. Enter your details & they'll send you a Curve MasterCard - they send to the UK and most European addresses. 3. Link your existing credit & debit cards to the app, you can link up to two cards with the free version of Curve, I link my normal debit card and my normal credit card. 4. Now use the Curve MasterCard to buy things online or in person or take cash from ATMs, exactly like a normal MasterCard. Curve does the currency conversion and puts the balance in your own currency onto whichever debit or credit card is currently selected in the Curve app. You can even change your mind about which card it goes onto, within 14 days of the transaction.

I have a Curve Blue card myself, it means I can buy a coffee on a foreign station on a card without being stung by fees and lousy exchange rates, just by tapping the Curve card on their card reader. The money goes through Curve to my normal debit card and is taken directly from my account (in fact I have the Curve card set up as payment card on Apple Pay on my iPhone, so can double-click my phone, let it do Face ID then tap the reader with the phone - even easier than getting a card out). I get a little commission if you sign up to Curve, but I recommend it here because I think it's great. See details, download the app and get a Curve card, they'll give you £5 cashback through that link.

Get a VPN for safe browsing. Why you need a VPN

When travelling you may use free public WiFi which is often insecure. A VPN encrypts your connection so it's always secure, even on unsecured WiFi. It also means you can select the geographic location of the IP address you browse with, to get around geoblocking which a surprising number of websites apply. See VPNs & why you need one explained. ExpressVPN is a best buy with a 4.7 out of 5 Trustpilot ranking which I use myself - I've signed up as an ExpressVPN affiliate, and if you go with expressvpn.com using this link you should see a special deal, 3 months free with an annual subscription. I also get some commission to help support this site.

Carry an Anker powerbank

Tickets, reservations, hotel bookings and Interrail or Eurail passes are often now held on your mobile phone. You daren't let it run out of power, and you can't always rely on the phone's internal battery or on being near a power outlet. I always carry an Anker powerbank which can recharge my phone several times over. Buy from Amazon.co.uk or Buy from Amazon.com.

Touring cities? Use hill walking shoes!

One of the best things I've done is swap my normal shoes for hill-walking shoes, in my case from Scarpa. They're intended for hiking across the Pennines not wandering around Florence, but the support and cushioning for hiking works equally well when you're on your feet all day exploring foreign cities. My feet used to give out first and limit my day, now the rest of me gives up before they do!

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Interrail & Eurail pass

Reservations guide

Train travel UK & Ireland...

Train travel in Europe...

Train travel in Asia...

Train travel in Africa...

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Train travel in Australasia

On this page I explain...

Select the country where the train starts

What's covered?

Help with train times

Using a pass within Austria

Austria ► Belgium

Austria ► France

Austria ► Germany

Austria ► Netherlands

Austria ► Switzerland

Austria ► Italy

Austria ► Hungary

Austria ► Czech Republic

Austria ► Slovakia

Austria ► Poland

Austria ► Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia

Austria ► Romania

What's covered?

Help with train times

Using a pass within Belgium

Belgium ► Great Britain

Belgium ► France

Belgium ► Netherlands

Belgium ► Germany

Belgium ► Austria

Belgium ► Luxembourg

What's covered?

Help with train times

What's covered?

Help with train times

Using a pass on national trains

Using a pass on international trains

What's covered?

Help with train times

Using a pass within Croatia

Using a pass on international trains

Czech Republic

What's covered?

What's not covered

Help with train times

Using a pass within the Czech Republic

Czech Republic ► Germany

Czech Republic ► Austria

Czech Republic ► Switzerland

Czech Republic ► Hungary

Czech Republic ► Slovakia

Czech Republic ► Poland

What's covered?

Other pass benefits

Help with train times

Using a pass within Denmark

Denmark ► Germany

Denmark ► Sweden

What's covered?

Other pass benefits

Help with train times

Using a pass on national trains

What's covered?

Other pass benefits

Help with train times

Using a pass within Finland

What's covered?

What's not covered?

Other pass benefits

Help with train times

Using a pass within France

France ► Great Britain

France ► Belgium, Netherlands

France ► Luxembourg

France ► Switzerland

France ► Italy

France ► Spain

Train travel
UK & Ireland...

Train travel
in Europe...

Train travel
in Asia...

Train travel
in Africa...

Train travel
in America...

Train travel
in Australasia